A RCT to explore the effectiveness of supporting adherence to nebuliser medication in adults with cystic fibrosis: fidelity assessment of study interventions.

BACKGROUND: A multi-component self-management intervention 'CFHealthHub' was developed to reduce pulmonary exacerbations in adults with Cystic Fibrosis (CF) by supporting adherence to nebuliser medication. It was evaluated in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) involving 19 CF centres, with 32 interventionists, 305 participants in the intervention group, and 303 participants in the standard care arm. Ensuring treatment fidelity of intervention delivery was crucial to ensure that the intervention produced the expected outcomes. METHODS: Fidelity of the CFHealthHub intervention and standard care was assessed using different methods for each of the five fidelity domains defined by the Borrelli framework: study design, training, treatment delivery, receipt, and enactment. Study design ensured that the groups received the intended intervention or standard care. Interventionists underwent training and competency assessments to be deemed certified to deliver the intervention. Audio-recorded intervention sessions were assessed for fidelity drift. Receipt was assessed by identifying whether participants set Action and Coping Plans, while enactment was assessed using click analytics on the CFHealthHub digital platform. RESULTS: Design: There was reasonable agreement (74%, 226/305) between the expected versus actual intervention dose received by participants in the CFHealthHub intervention group. The standard care group did not include focused adherence support for most centres and participants. Training: All interventionists were trained. Treatment delivery: The trial demonstrated good fidelity (overall fidelity by centre ranged from 79 to 97%), with only one centre falling below the mean threshold (> 80%) on fidelity drift assessments. Receipt: Among participants who completed the 12-month intervention, 77% (205/265) completed at least one action plan, and 60% (160/265) completed at least one coping plan. Enactment: 88% (268/305) of participants used web/app click analytics outside the intervention sessions. The mean (SD) number of web/app click analytics per participant was 31.2 (58.9). Additionally, 64% (195/305) of participants agreed to receive notifications via the mobile application, with an average of 53.6 (14.9) notifications per participant. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates high fidelity throughout the RCT, and the CFHealthHub intervention was delivered as intended. This provides confidence that the results of the RCT are a valid reflection of the effectiveness of the CFHealthHub intervention compared to standard care. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN registry: ISRCTN55504164 (date of registration: 12/10/2017).

Development of an intervention to increase adherence to nebuliser treatment in adults with cystic fibrosis: CFHealthHub.

BACKGROUND: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a life-limiting genetic condition in which daily therapies to maintain lung health are critical, yet treatment adherence is low. Previous interventions to increase adherence have been largely unsuccessful and this is likely due to a lack of focus on behavioural evidence and theory alongside input from people with CF. This intervention is based on a digital platform that collects and displays objective nebuliser adherence data. The purpose of this paper is to identify the specific components of an intervention to increase and maintain adherence to nebuliser treatments in adults with CF with a focus on reducing effort and treatment burden. METHODS: Intervention development was informed by the Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW) and person-based approach (PBA). A multidisciplinary team conducted qualitative research to inform a needs analysis, selected, and refined intervention components and methods of delivery, mapped adherence-related barriers and facilitators, associated intervention functions and behaviour change techniques, and utilised iterative feedback to develop and refine content and processes. RESULTS: Results indicated that people with CF need to understand their treatment, be able to monitor adherence, have treatment goals and feedback and confidence in their ability to adhere, have a treatment plan to develop habits for treatment, and be able to solve problems around treatment adherence. Behaviour change techniques were selected to address each of these needs and were incorporated into the digital intervention developed iteratively, alongside a manual and training for health professionals. Feedback from people with CF and clinicians helped to refine the intervention which could be tailored to individual patient needs. CONCLUSIONS: The intervention development process is underpinned by a strong theoretical framework and evidence base and was developed by a multidisciplinary team with a range of skills and expertise integrated with substantial input from patients and clinicians. This multifaceted development strategy has ensured that the intervention is usable and acceptable to people with CF and clinicians, providing the best chance of success in supporting people with CF with different needs to increase and maintain their adherence. The intervention is being tested in a randomised controlled trial across 19 UK sites.

Comparing accelerometer, pedometer and a questionnaire for measuring physical activity in bronchiectasis: a validity and feasibility study?

BACKGROUND: There are challenges for researchers and clinicians to select the most appropriate physical activity tool, and a balance between precision and feasibility is needed. Currently it is unclear which physical activity tool should be used to assess physical activity in Bronchiectasis. The aim of this research is to compare assessment methods (pedometer and IPAQ) to our criterion method (ActiGraph) for the measurement of physical activity dimensions in Bronchiectasis (BE), and to assess their feasibility and acceptability. METHODS: Patients in this analysis were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. The ActiGraph and pedometer were worn for seven consecutive days and the IPAQ was completed for the same period. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 20 (IBM). Descriptive statistics were used; the percentage agreement between ActiGraph and the other measures were calculated using limits of agreement. Feedback about the feasibility of the activity monitors and the IPAQ was obtained. RESULTS: There were 55 (22 male) data sets available. For step count there was no significant difference between the ActiGraph and Pedometer, however, total physical activity time (mins) as recorded by the ActiGraph was significantly higher than the pedometer (mean ± SD, 232 (75) vs. 63 (32)). Levels of agreement between the two devices was very good for step count (97% agreement); and variation in the levels of agreement were within accepted limits of ±2 standard deviations from the mean value. IPAQ reported more bouted- moderate - vigorous physical activity (MVPA) [mean, SD; 167(170) vs 6(9) mins/day], and significantly less sedentary time than ActiGraph [mean, SD; 362(115) vs 634(76) vmins/day]. There were low levels of agreement between the two tools (57% sedentary behaviour; 0% MVPA10+), with IPAQ under-reporting sedentary behaviour and over-reporting MVPA10+ compared to ActiGraph. The monitors were found to be feasible and acceptable by participants and researchers; while the IPAQ was accepta ble to use, most patients required assistance to complete it. CONCLUSIONS: Accurate measurement of physical activity is feasible in BE and will be valuable for future trials of therapeutic interventions. ActiGraph or pedometer could be used to measure simple daily step counts, but ActiGraph was superior as it measured intensity of physical activity and was a more precise measure of time spent walking. The IPAQ does not appear to represent an accurate measure of physical activity in this population. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trials Registration Number NCT01569009 : Physical Activity in Bronchiectasis.

Severity of Nasal Inflammatory Disease Questionnaire for Canine Idiopathic Rhinitis Control: Instrument Development and Initial Validity Evidence.

BACKGROUND: Effective treatments are needed for idiopathic chronic rhinitis in dogs, but assessment of efficacy requires a practical, quantifiable method for assessing severity of disease. OBJECTIVES: To develop and perform initial validity and reliability testing of an owner-completed questionnaire for assessing clinical signs and dog and owner quality of life (QOL) in canine chronic rhinitis. ANIMALS: Twenty-two dogs with histopathologically confirmed chronic rhinitis and 72 healthy dogs. METHODS: In this prospective study, an online questionnaire was created based on literature review and feedback from veterinarians, veterinary internists with respiratory expertise, and owners of dogs with rhinitis. Owners of affected dogs completed the questionnaire twice, 1 week apart, to test reliability. Healthy dogs were assessed once. Data were analyzed using the Rasch Rating Scale Model, and results were interpreted using Messick's framework for evaluating construct validity evidence. RESULTS: Initial item generation resulted in 5 domains: nasal signs, paranasal signs, global rhinitis severity, and dog's and owner's QOL. A 25-item questionnaire was developed using 5-point Likert-type scales. No respondent found the questionnaire difficult to complete. Strong psychometric evidence was available to support the substantive, generalizability, content, and structural aspects of construct validity. Statistical differences were found between responses for affected and control dogs for all but 2 items. These items were eliminated, resulting in the 23-item Severity of Nasal Inflammatory Disease (SNIFLD) questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: The SNIFLD questionnaire provides a mechanism for repeated assessments of disease severity in dogs with chronic rhinitis.

Estrogen receptor antagonism exacerbates cardiac structural and functional remodeling in female rats.

We have previously demonstrated the cardioprotective effects of ovarian hormones against adverse ventricular remodeling imposed by chronic volume overload. Here, we assess the estrogen receptor dependence of this cardioprotection. Four groups of female rats were studied: sham-operated (Sham), volume overloaded [aortocaval fistula (ACF)], Sham treated with estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780 (Sham + ICI), and ACF treated with ICI. Cardiac function was assessed temporally using echocardiogram, and tissue samples were collected at 5 days and 6 wk postsurgery. All rats with volume overload had significantly increased cardiac output (96 ± 32 ml/min for ACF and 108 ± 11 ml/min for ACF + ICI vs. 31 ± 2 for Sham, P < 0.05). At 6 wk, volume overload induced significant left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy in both untreated and treated ACF groups. Both ACF groups developed significantly increased LV end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), indicating LV dilatation, with the ACF + ICI group having the greatest increase (340%, relative to Sham). Ejection fraction was significantly reduced in the ACF + ICI group (23% reduction) at 6 wk postsurgery compared with untreated ACF (P < 0.05). Interstitial collagen staining was significantly reduced by volume overload, with estrogen receptor antagonism causing greater collagen loss at both 5 days and 6 wk postsurgery. Furthermore, volume overload induced a significant increase in LV wall stress only in rats treated with estrogen antagonist. These data indicate that estrogen receptor signaling is essential for sex hormone-dependent cardioprotection against adverse remodeling. The maintenance of myocardial extracellular matrix collagen appears to play a key role in this cardioprotection. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: We assessed the estrogen receptor (ER) dependence of female-specific cardioprotection using a rat model of chronic volume-overload stress. ER antagonism worsened ventricular wall stress, ventricular dilation, and cardiac dysfunction induced by volume overload. Further, blocking ERs resulted in cardiac remodeling and functional changes similar to that previously found in ovariectomized rats.

Don't Do Different Things Do Things Differently! Drug Development in Rare Diseases.

Although definitions of rare disease vary, most acknowledge that there are small numbers of affected patients compared with other conditions. Small numbers of patients, overlapping involvement of investigators as researchers and caregivers, as well as close relationships between researchers and manufacturers require a different pattern of drug development. Regulatory guidances for rare diseases are available, as well as ones for specific rare diseases. Maintaining drug supply for rare diseases also demands innovative approaches.

Population pharmacokinetic modelling of factor IX activity after administration of recombinant factor IX in patients with haemophilia B.

PURPOSE: The aim is to develop a pharmacokinetic model for factor IX activity (FIX) after BeneFIX (nonacog alfa, rFIX) administration and assess potential covariates using all available clinical data collected during development. METHODS: The data set for model development combined observations from eight studies. Postdose FIX observations were adjusted by subtracting predose FIX if these were above the lower limit of quantification (BLQ) and all BLQ observations were removed. A population pharmacokinetic model was then developed with 4936 observations from 201 patients. Two additional studies (385 observations from 72 patients) became available and were used to evaluate the model. RESULTS: A two-compartment model, parameterized for clearance (CL), volume of distribution of the central (V1) and peripheral (V2) compartments, and intercompartmental clearance (Q), with an effect of weight on all parameters was the final model. Weight was incorporated as a power function with exponent estimates close to conventional allometric scaling. Including interoccasion variability (IOV) on CL and V1 showed decreases in the objective function. Investigations of a full block omega matrix lead to the retention of a correlation between V2 and Q. Age was not a significant covariate with weight already included in the model. Observations in the studies used for evaluation were found to be higher than simulated values immediately after dosing, as well as a week after dosing. The differences may be due perhaps to differences in the patients enrolled in the evaluation studies (all were adults) as well as the sample collection time after dosing (longer after dosing in the evaluation studies). CONCLUSIONS: FIX is appropriately modelled as a two-compartment model after rFIX administration. When weight is included, no additional effect of age is observed. Longer times of observation after dosing may be helpful in refining the model.

Industry Perspective of Drug Development for Pregnant/Breastfeeding Women.

As part of drug development, drug companies conduct experiments to gather data about the potential toxicity of medications in pregnant and lactating animals. Increasingly, physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are developed to simulate drug concentrations in pregnant and lactating women. As these women are not usually included in clinical trials, targeted postapproval safety monitoring, registries, or clinical studies may be performed to gather safety and efficacy information about drug use in these special populations.

Airway clearance techniques used by people with cystic fibrosis in the UK.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the current use of airway clearance techniques among people with cystic fibrosis (CF) in the UK, and the baseline characteristics for users of different airway clearance techniques. DESIGN: Analysis of the UK CF Registry 2011 data. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: All people with CF in the UK aged ≥11 years (n=6372). RESULTS: Of the 6372 people on the UK CF registry in 2011, 89% used airway clearance techniques. The most commonly used primary techniques were forced expiratory techniques (28%) and oscillating positive expiratory pressure (PEP) (23%). Postural drainage and high-frequency chest wall oscillation were used by 4% and 1% of people with CF, respectively. The male:female ratio of individuals who used exercise as their primary airway clearance technique was 2:1, compared with 1:1 for other techniques. Individuals with more severe lung disease tended to use devices such as non-invasive ventilation or high-frequency chest wall oscillation. CONCLUSIONS: Forced expiratory techniques and oscillating PEP are the most common airway clearance techniques used by people with CF in the UK, and postural drainage and high-frequency chest wall oscillation are the least common techniques. This is significant in terms of planning airway clearance technique trials, where postural drainage has been used traditionally as the comparator. The use of airway clearance techniques varies between countries, but the reasons for these differences are unknown.

Multicentre, randomized, open-label study of on-demand treatment with two prophylaxis regimens of recombinant coagulation factor IX in haemophilia B subjects.

Few randomized studies have reported on the use of factor IX (FIX) for secondary prophylaxis in haemophilia B patients. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of two secondary prophylaxis regimens of recombinant coagulation FIX, nonacog alfa, compared with on-demand therapy. Male subjects aged 6-65 years with severe or moderately severe haemophilia B (FIX:C ≤ 2, n = 50) and ≥12 bleeding episodes (including ≥6 haemarthroses episodes) within 12 months of study participation were enrolled in this multicentre, randomized, open-label, four-period crossover trial. The primary measure was the annualized bleeding rate (ABR) of two prophylactic regimens vs. on-demand therapy. In the intent-to-treat group, mean ABR values were 35.1, 2.6 and 4.6 for the first on-demand period, the 50 IU kg(-1) twice-weekly period, and the 100 IU kg(-1) once-weekly period respectively. Differences in ABR between the first on-demand period and both prophylaxis regimens were significant (P < 0.0001); no significant differences were observed between prophylaxis regimens (P = 0.22). Seven serious adverse events occurred in five subjects, none related to study drug. Results demonstrated that secondary prophylaxis therapy with nonacog alfa 50 IU kg(-1) twice weekly or 100 IU kg(-1) once weekly reduced ABR by 89.4% relative to on-demand treatment. Both prophylaxis regimens demonstrated favourable safety profiles in subjects with haemophilia B.

Analysis of seroreactivity against cell culture-derived Bartonella spp. antigens in dogs.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the specificity of Bartonella spp. immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) assays in dogs. Bacteremia in sick dogs most often has been associated with Bartonella henselae (Bh), Bartonella vinsonii subspecies berkhoffii (Bvb), and Bartonella koehlerae (Bk). Clarification of the diagnostic utility of IFA serology when testing against these organisms is needed. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the specificity of Bartonella IFA assays utilizing 6 cell culture-grown antigen preparations. ANIMALS: Archived sera from SPF dogs (n = 29) and from dogs experimentally infected with Bvb (n = 10) and Bh (n = 3). METHODS: Antibodies (Abs) to Bvb genotypes I, II, and III, Bh serotype I, strains H-1 and SA2, and to Bk were determined by IFA testing. RESULTS: Serum from naïve SPF dogs shown to be negative for Bartonella bacteremia did not react with any of the 6 Bartonella antigens by IFA testing. Dogs experimentally infected with Bvb genotype I developed Abs against homologous antigens, with no cross-reactivity to heterologous Bvb genotypes, Bh H-1, SA2 strains, or to Bk. Dogs experimentally infected with Bh serotype I developed Abs against Bh H-1, but not to Bh SA2 strain with no cross-reactive Abs to Bvb genotypes I-III or to Bk. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Bartonella spp. Ab responses during acute experimental infections are species and type specific.

Lung clearance index: evidence for use in clinical trials in cystic fibrosis.

The ECFS-CTN Standardisation Committee has undertaken this review of lung clearance index as part of the group's work on evaluation of clinical endpoints with regard to their use in multicentre clinical trials in CF. The aims were 1) to review the literature on reliability, validity and responsiveness of LCI in patients with CF, 2) to gain consensus of the group on feasibility of LCI and 3) to gain consensus on answers to key questions regarding the promotion of LCI to surrogate endpoint status. It was concluded that LCI has an attractive feasibility and clinimetric properties profile and is particularly indicated for multicentre trials in young children with CF and patients with early or mild CF lung disease. This is the first article to collate the literature in this manner and support the use of LCI in clinical trials in CF.

Movie making as a cognitive distraction for paediatric patients receiving radiotherapy treatment: qualitative interview study.

OBJECTIVES: To establish the outcomes achieved by using an innovative movie-making programme designed to reduce fear of radiotherapy among paediatric patients. DESIGN: Qualitative descriptive evaluation based on semistructured, qualitative interviews with purposeful sampling and thematic analysis. SETTING: Tertiary Cancer Centre. PARTICIPANTS: 20 parents of paediatric patients who had produced a movie of their radiation therapy experience and were in a follow-up phase of cancer management. RESULTS: Participants attributed a broad range of outcomes to the movie-making program. These included that the programme had helped reduce anxiety and distress exhibited by paediatric patients and contributed to a willingness to receive treatment. Other outcomes were that the completed movies had been used in school reintegration and for maintaining social connections. CONCLUSIONS: Allowing children to create a video of their experience of radiotherapy provided a range of benefits to paediatric patients that varied according to their needs. For some patients, movie-making offered a valuable medium for overcoming fear of the unknown as well as increasing understanding of treatment processes. For others, the development of a personalised video offered an important cognitive/attentional distraction through engaging with an age-appropriate activity. Together these outcomes helped children maintain self-control and a positive outlook.

Respiratory muscle pressures in non-CF bronchiectasis: repeatability and reliability.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory muscle strength is used diagnostically in clinical practice and as an outcome measure in clinical trials in various chronic lung diseases. There is limited data on its repeatability in people with non-CF bronchiectasis. The aim of the present study was to assess the repeatability of maximal inspiratory (P( I)max) and expiratory pressures (P(E)max) in a group of patients with stable, moderate-to-severe non-CF bronchiectasis. METHODS: Twenty participants with stable moderate-to-severe non-CF bronchiectasis were recruited. Respiratory muscle strength measurements (three maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures) were made on 2 separate days. A standard protocol was used, including practice tests, before obtaining three technically acceptable and reproducible readings with a difference of 10% or less between values. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00487149. RESULTS: The mean (SD) age of the non-CF bronchiectasis group was 63 (9) years. Maximal inspiratory pressures were repeatable with mean (SD) for highest P(I)max, Test 1 and Test 2, 75.90 (20) and 79.40 (19) cmH(2)O, and limits of agreement (mean difference +/- 2SD) -3.50 +/- 20 cmH(2)O, (p = 0.14). Maximal expiratory pressures differed significantly with mean (SD) for highest P(E)max, Test 1 and Test 2, 102.25 (27) and 112.30 (32) cmH(2)O, and limits of agreement (mean difference +/- 2SD) -10.10 +/- 35 cmH(2)O, (p = 0.02). The intraclass correlation coefficient (95% CI) for highest P(I)max and P(E)max was 0.93 (95% CI 0.82 to 0.97) and 0.90 (95% CI 0.76 to 0.96), respectively. CONCLUSION: Maximal inspiratory pressure measurements were repeatable during a period of clinical stability in moderate-to-severe non-CF bronchiectasis, suggesting this may be a useful outcome measure in non-CF bronchiectasis. Once a baseline has been established, a second visit is not required. P(E)max was not a repeatable measure and further study is necessary to ascertain how much practice testing is required to obtain an accurate value.

Demographic and historical findings, including exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, in dogs with chronic cough.

BACKGROUND: Controlled studies investigating risk factors for the common presenting problem of chronic cough in dogs are lacking. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To identify demographic and historical factors associated with chronic cough in dogs, and associations between the characteristics of cough and diagnosis. ANIMALS: Dogs were patients of an academic internal medicine referral service. Coughing dogs had a duration of cough>or=2 months (n=115). Control dogs had presenting problems other than cough (n=104). METHODS: Owners completed written questionnaires. Demographic information and diagnoses were obtained from medical records. Demographic and historical data were compared between coughing and control dogs. Demographic data and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) also were compared with hospital accessions and adult smoking rates, respectively. Characteristics of cough were compared among diagnoses. RESULTS: Most coughing dogs had a diagnosis of large airway disease (n=88; 77%). Tracheobronchomalacia (TBM) was diagnosed in 59 dogs (51%), including 79% of toy breed dogs. Demographic risk factors included older age, smaller body weight, and being toy breed (P<.001). No association was found between coughing and month (P=.239) or season (P=.414) of presentation. Exposure to ETS was not confirmed to be a risk factor (P=.243). No historical description of cough was unique to a particular diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Associations with age, size, and toy breeds were strong. TBM is frequent in dogs with chronic cough, but descriptions of cough should be used cautiously in prioritizing differential diagnoses. The association between exposure to ETS and chronic cough deserves additional study.

Impact of different factors on the probability of clinical response in tigecycline-treated patients with intra-abdominal infections.

Patients with intra-abdominal infections differ with regard to the type of infection and the severity of illness. However, the impact of these factors, together with differences in drug exposure, on clinical response is not well understood. Using phase 2 and 3 data for patients with complicated intra-abdominal infections, the relative importance of tigecycline exposure, host factors, and disease factors, alone or in combination, for the probability of clinical response was examined. Patients with complicated intra-abdominal infections who received tigecycline intravenously as a 100-mg loading dose followed by 50 mg every 12 h for 5 to 14 days and who had adequate clinical, pharmacokinetic, and response data were evaluated. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with clinical response. A final multivariable logistic regression model demonstrated six factors based on 123 patients to be predictive of clinical success: a weight of <94 kg (P = 0.026), the absence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in baseline cultures (P = 0.021), an APACHE II score of <13 (P = 0.029), non-Hispanic race (P = 0.005), complicated appendicitis or cholecystitis (P = 0.004), and a ratio of the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) to the MIC (AUC/MIC ratio) of > or =3.1 (P = 0.003). The average model-predicted probability of clinical success when one unfavorable factor was present was 0.940. This probability was lower (0.855) when the AUC/MIC ratio was < 3.1 and the remaining five factors were set to the favorable condition. The average model-predicted probability of clinical success in the presence of two unfavorable factors was 0.594. These findings demonstrated the impact of individual and multiple factors on clinical response in the context of drug exposure.

Pulmonary rehabilitation and follow-on services: a Northern Ireland survey.

There should be a clear pathway through pulmonary rehabilitation and follow-on services. The aim of this survey was to determine the characteristics of the different components of the patient pathway, that is, pulmonary rehabilitation programs, ongoing exercise facilities, and support networks in Northern Ireland. Questionnaires were sent to current providers of pulmonary rehabilitation, providers of ongoing exercise, and support groups in Northern Ireland. Findings relating to the current status of pulmonary rehabilitation in Northern Ireland up to January 2007 are reported. There are currently 23 pulmonary rehabilitation programs in Northern Ireland. There appears to be a pathway through the short-term pulmonary rehabilitation program (6-8 weeks). Programs met standards for structure and format, except for the frequency of supervised exercise. Not all programs have links for the provision of ongoing exercise, but a range of exercise programs are available in leisure centers in Northern Ireland that include people with respiratory disease. There are 13 support groups for patients with respiratory disease in Northern Ireland and their function is diverse. Pulmonary rehabilitation is established in Northern Ireland, although not all patients are able to access these. Facilities for ongoing exercise and support groups are less developed. Improvements could be facilitated by better communication within the patient pathway and a strategic coordinated approach.

Non-invasive ventilation for cystic fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) may be a means to temporarily reverse or slow the progression of respiratory failure in cystic fibrosis (CF). OBJECTIVES: To compare the effect of NIV versus no NIV in people with CF. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group Trials Register comprising references identified from comprehensive electronic database searches, handsearching relevant journals and abstract books of conference proceedings. We searched the reference lists of each trial for additional publications possibly containing other trials. Most recent search: October 2006. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials comparing a form of pressure preset or volume preset NIV to no NIV in people with acute or chronic respiratory failure in CF. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Three reviewers independently assessed trials for inclusion criteria and methodological quality, and extracted data. MAIN RESULTS: Fifteen trials were identified; seven trials met the inclusion criteria with a total of 106 participants. Six trials evaluated single treatment sessions only and one evaluated a six-week intervention. Four trials (79 participants) evaluated NIV for airway clearance compared with an alternative chest physiotherapy method and showed that airway clearance may be easier with NIV and people with CF may prefer it. We were unable to find any evidence that NIV increases sputum expectoration, but it did improve some lung function parameters.Three trials (27 participants) evaluated NIV for overnight ventilatory support. Lung function and nocturnal transcutaneous carbon dioxide were evaluated within two trials. Due to the small numbers of participants and statistical issues, there were discrepancies in the results between the RevMan and the original trial analyses. No clear differences were found between NIV compared with oxygen or room air except for exercise performance, which significantly improved with NIV compared to room air over six weeks. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Non-invasive ventilation may be a useful adjunct to other airway clearance techniques, particularly in people with CF who have difficulty expectorating sputum. Non-invasive ventilation, when used in addition to oxygen, may improve gas exchange during sleep to a greater extent than oxygen therapy alone in moderate to severe disease. These benefits of NIV have largely been demonstrated in single treatment sessions with small numbers of participants. The impact of this therapy on pulmonary exacerbations and disease progression remain unclear. There is a need for long-term randomised controlled trials which are adequately powered to determine the clinical effects of non-invasive ventilation in CF airway clearance and exercise.

Acapella versus 'usual airway clearance' during acute exacerbation in bronchiectasis: a randomized crossover trial.

Devices such as the Acapella may facilitate independent airway clearance, however, few clinical trials have investigated the efficacy of Acapella. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Acapella to 'usual airway clearance' in adults during an acute exacerbation of bronchiectasis requiring oral antibiotic therapy. Twenty patients with bronchiectasis and an acute exacerbation requiring oral antibiotic therapy were recruited into a randomized crossover trial. Patients were allocated to one of two groups determined by concealed computer generated randomization. Group 1 (n=10): airway clearance session using Acapella at home twice daily during oral antibiotic therapy. Group 2 (n=10): 'usual' airway clearance sessions at home during oral antibiotic therapy. Patients recorded duration of each treatment session, volume of sputum produced and perception of breathlessness. An independent assessor performed outcome measures of spirometric lung function, pulse oximetry and breathlessness at the beginning and end of the study period. The mean volume of sputum expectorated during Acapella sessions was greater than for usual airway clearance sessions although this difference was not significant 2.61 ml (95% CI-1.62 to 6.84). Mean duration of Acapella sessions was greater than usual airway clearance sessions and approached significance. There were no significant between group differences in changes in lung function. This study demonstrates that the Acapella device may offer an acceptable, user-friendly method of airway clearance in patients with bronchiectasis.

Population pharmacokinetics of tigecycline in healthy volunteers.

Tigecycline, a novel glycylcycline, possesses broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. A structural population pharmacokinetic model for tigecycline was developed based on data pooled from 5 phase I studies. Intravenous tigecycline was administered as single (12.5-300 mg) or multiple (25-100 mg) doses every 12 hours for up to 10 days. Three-compartment models with zero-order input and first-order elimination separately described the single- or multiple-dose full-profile data. Additional models were evaluated using a subset of the phase I data mimicking the phase II/III trial sparse-sampling scheme and dosage. A 2-compartment model best described the reduced phase I data following single or multiple doses and provided reliably accurate estimates of tigecycline AUC(0-12). This modeling supported phase II/III population pharmacokinetic model development to further determine individual patient tigecycline exposures for safety and efficacy analyses.