Brain regions supporting retrieval of words drawn at encoding: fMRI evidence for multimodal reactivation.

Memory for words that are drawn or sketched by the participant, rather than written, during encoding is typically superior. While this drawing benefit has been reliably demonstrated in recent years, there has yet to be an investigation of its neural basis. Here, we asked participants to either create drawings, repeatedly write, or list physical characteristics depicting each target word during encoding. Participants then completed a recognition memory test for target words while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Behavioural results showed memory was significantly higher for words drawn than written, replicating the typical drawing effect. Memory for words whose physical characteristics were listed at encoding was also higher than for those written repeatedly, but lower than for those drawn. Voxel-wise analyses of fMRI data revealed two distributed sets of brain regions more active for items drawn relative to written, the left angular gyrus (BA 39) and bilateral frontal (BA 10) regions, suggesting integration and self-referential processing during retrieval of drawn words. Brain-behaviour correlation analyses showed that the size of one's memory benefit for words drawn relative to written at encoding was positively correlated with activation in brain regions linked to visual representation and imagery (BA 17 and cuneus) and motor planning (premotor and supplementary motor areas; BA 6). This study suggests that drawing benefits memory by coactivating multiple sensory traces. Target words drawn during encoding are subsequently remembered by re-engaging visual, motoric, and semantic representations.

Self-growth suppression in Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens is caused by a diffusible antagonist.

Microbes in soil navigate interactions by recognizing kin, forming social groups, exhibiting antagonistic behavior, and engaging in competitive kin rivalry. Here, we investigated a novel phenomenon of self-growth suppression (sibling rivalry) observed in Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA 110. Swimming colonies of USDA 110 developed a distinct demarcation line and inter-colony zone when inoculated adjacent to each other. In addition to self, USDA 110 suppressed growth of other Bradyrhizobium strains and several other soil bacteria. We demonstrated that the phenomenon of sibling rivalry is due to growth suppression but not cell death. The cells in the inter-colony zone were culturable but have reduced respiratory activity, ATP levels and motility. The observed growth suppression was due to the presence of a diffusible effector compound. This effector was labile, preventing extraction, and identification, but it is unlikely a protein or a strong acid or base. This counterintuitive phenomenon of self-growth suppression suggests a strategic adaptation for conserving energy and resources in competitive soil environments. Bradyrhizobium's utilization of antagonism including self-growth suppression likely provides a competitive advantage for long-term success in soil ecosystems.

Detection of Anatoxins in Human Urine by Liquid Chromatography Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry and ELISA.

Harmful cyanobacterial blooms are becoming more common and persistent around the world. When in bloom, various cyanobacterial strains can produce anatoxins in high concentrations, which, unlike other cyanobacterial toxins, may be present in clear water. Potential human and animal exposures to anatoxins occur mainly through unintentional ingestion of contaminated algal mats and water. To address this public health threat, we developed and validated an LC-MS/MS method to detect anatoxins in human urine to confirm exposures. Pooled urine was fortified with anatoxin-a and dihydroanatoxin at concentrations from 10.0 to 500 ng/mL to create calibrators and quality control samples. Samples were diluted with isotopically labeled anatoxin and solvent prior to LC-MS/MS analysis. This method can accurately quantitate anatoxin-a with inter- and intraday accuracies ranging from 98.5 to 103% and relative standard deviations < 15%, which is within analytical guidelines for mass spectrometry methods. Additionally, this method qualitatively detects a common degradation product of anatoxin, dihydroanatoxin, above 10 ng/mL. We also evaluated a commercial anatoxin-a ELISA kit for potential diagnostic use; however, numerous false positives were detected from unexposed individual human urine samples. In conclusion, we have developed a method to detect anatoxins precisely and accurately in urine samples, addressing a public health area of concern, which can be applied to future exposure events.

Lake water chemistry and local adaptation shape NaCl toxicity in Daphnia ambigua.

The increasing application of road deicing agents (e.g., NaCl) has caused widespread salinization of freshwater environments. Chronic exposure to toxic NaCl levels can impact freshwater biota at genome to ecosystem scales, yet the degree of harm caused by road salt pollution is likely to vary among habitats and populations. The background ion chemistry of freshwater environments may strongly impact NaCl toxicity, with greater harm occurring in ion-poor, soft water conditions. In addition, populations exposed to salinization may evolve increased NaCl tolerance. Notably, if organisms are adapted to the water chemistry of their natal environment, toxicity responses may also vary among populations in a given test medium. We examined the potential for this evolutionary and environmental context to interact in shaping NaCl toxicity with a pair of laboratory reciprocal transplant toxicity experiments, using natural populations of the water flea Daphnia ambigua collected from three lakes that vary in ion availability and composition. We observed a strong effect of the lake water environment on NaCl toxicity in both trials. NaCl caused a much greater decline in reproduction and r in lake water from a low-ion/calcium-poor environment (20 µS/cm specific conductance; 1.7 mg/L Ca2+) compared with water from both a Ca2+-rich lake (55 µS/cm; 7.2 mg/L Ca2+) and an ion-rich coastal lake (420 µS/cm; 3.4 mg/L Ca2+). Daphnia from this coastal lake were most robust to the effects of NaCl on reproduction and r. A significant interaction between the population and lake water environment shaped survival in both trials, suggesting that local adaptation to the test waters used may have contributed to toxicity responses. Our findings that the lake water environment, adaptation to that environment, and adaptation to a contaminant of interest may shape toxicity demonstrate the importance of considering environmental and biological complexity in mitigating pollution impacts.

Defining Spatial Epidemiology: A Systematic Review and Re-Orientation.

BACKGROUND: Spatial epidemiology has emerged as an important subfield of epidemiology over the past quarter century. We trace the origins of spatial epidemiology and note that its emergence coincided with technological developments in spatial statistics and geography. We hypothesize that spatial epidemiology makes important contributions to descriptive epidemiology and analytic risk factor studies, but is not yet aligned with epidemiology's current focus on causal inference and intervention. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of studies indexed in PubMed that used the term "spatial epidemiolog*" in the title, abstract, or keywords. Excluded papers were not written in English, examined disease in animals, or reported biologic pathogen distribution only. We coded the included papers into five categories (review, demonstration of method, descriptive, analytic, intervention) and recorded the unit of analysis (i.e., individual vs. ecological). We additionally examined papers coded as analytic ecologic studies using scales for lexical content. RESULTS: A total of 482 papers met the inclusion criteria, including 76 reviews, 117 demonstrations of methods, 122 descriptive studies, 167 analytic studies, and 0 intervention studies. Demonstration studies were most common from 2006 to 2014, and analytic studies were most common after 2015. Among the analytic ecologic studies, those published in later years used more terms relevant to spatial statistics (IRR =1.3, 95%CI: 1.1, 1.5) and causal inference (IRR =1.1, 95%CI: 1.1, 1.2). CONCLUSIONS: Spatial epidemiology is an important and growing subfield of epidemiology. We suggest a re-orientation to help align its practice with the goals of contemporary epidemiology.

Antibody surface mobility amplifies FcγR signaling via Arp2/3 during phagocytosis.

We report herein that the anti-CD20 therapeutic antibody, rituximab, is rearranged into microclusters within the phagocytic synapse by macrophage Fcγ receptors (FcγR) during antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis. These microclusters were observed to potently recruit Syk and to undergo rearrangements that were limited by the cytoskeleton of the target cell, with depolymerization of target-cell actin filaments leading to modest increases in phagocytic efficiency. Total internal reflection fluorescence analysis revealed that FcγR total phosphorylation, Syk phosphorylation, and Syk recruitment were enhanced when IgG-FcγR microclustering was enabled on fluid bilayers relative to immobile bilayers in a process that required Arp2/3. We conclude that on fluid surfaces, IgG-FcγR microclustering promotes signaling through Syk that is amplified by Arp2/3-driven actin rearrangements. Thus, the surface mobility of antigens bound by IgG shapes the signaling of FcγR with an unrecognized complexity beyond the zipper and trigger models of phagocytosis.

Release from response interference in color-word contingency learning.

In identifying the print colors of words when some combinations of color and word occur more frequently than others, people quickly show evidence of learning these associations. This contingency learning effect is evident in faster and more accurate responses to high-contingency combinations than to low-contingency combinations. Across four experiments, we systematically varied the number of response-irrelevant word stimuli connected to response-relevant colors. In each experiment, one group experienced the typical contingency learning paradigm with three colors linked to three words; other groups saw more words (six or twelve) linked to the same three colors. All four experiments disconfirmed a central prediction derived from the Parallel Episodic Processing (PEP 2.0) model (Schmidt et al., 2016)-that the magnitude of the contingency learning effect should remain stable as more words are added to the response-irrelevant dimension, as long as the color-word contingency ratios are maintained. Responses to high-contingency items did slow down numerically as the number of words increased between groups, consistent with the prediction from PEP 2.0, but these changes were unreliable. Inconsistent with PEP 2.0, however, overall response time did not slow down and responses to low-contingency items actually sped up as the number of words increased across groups. These findings suggest that the PEP 2.0 model should be modified to incorporate response interference caused by high-probability associations when responding to low-probability combinations.

Individuals' travel to alcohol outlets: The fallacy of the local bar.

INTRODUCTION: Studies relating alcohol outlet density around homes to alcohol consumption produce mixed results. One possible explanation is that people travel to outlets away from their homes. This study aims to characterise individuals' trips to outlets, describe these trip locations relative to other activities and estimate associations between alcohol outlet density and trips to outlets. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used 2014-2018 household travel data from the Victoria Integrated Survey of Travel and Activity. We estimated the average change in the cumulative travel characteristics associated with each additional trip to bars and liquor stores, accounting for complex trips to multiple destinations. Logistic regression models estimated odds that individuals travelled to outlets in relation to outlet density in their home local government area (LGA). RESULTS: Among 23,512 respondents, 378 (1.6%) travelled to any bar and 79 (0.3%) any liquor store the survey day. Bar trips added 8.2 km (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.6, 11.8) and 18.1 min (95% CI 13.6, 22.6) to cumulative travel; 41% of attended bars were co-located in participants' home LGA. Greater bar and liquor store density within the home LGA were associated with overall trips to these outlet types. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Individuals travel beyond their residential area to bars, but travel to liquor stores closer to home. Bar and liquor store density within individuals' home LGA were associated with trips to outlets. Trips to local bars in near home comprised a minority of trips to bars in this sample. Studies of retail alcohol access should account for trips to bars away from home.

Reading text aloud benefits memory but not comprehension.

The production effect-that reading aloud leads to better memory than does reading silently-has been defined narrowly with reference to memory; it has been explored largely using word lists as the material to be read and remembered. But might the benefit of production extend beyond memory and beyond individual words? In a series of four experiments, passages from reading comprehension tests served as the study material. Participants read some passages aloud and others silently. After each passage, they completed multiple-choice questions about that passage. Separating the multiple-choice questions into memory-focused versus comprehension-focused questions, we observed a consistent production benefit only for the memory-focused questions. Production clearly improves memory for text, not just for individual words, and also extends to multiple-choice testing. The overall pattern of findings fits with the distinctiveness account of production-that information read aloud stands out at study and at test from information read silently. Only when the tested information is a very close match to the studied information, as is the case for memory questions but not for comprehension questions, does production improve accuracy.

Face processing in ADHD: A review of the N170 event-related potential.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with deficits in social functioning, including peer difficulties and poor relationship quality. Little is known, however, about the integrity of foundational sociocognitive abilities that support interpersonal interactions in ADHD. Face processing-a fundamental component of social cognition-has been a popular topic of recent investigations in this area. Researchers have attempted to delineate face processing mechanisms in ADHD to elucidate social deficits often seen in the disorder. Investigating the N170 event-related potential, a neural marker of face processing, has been a popular approach in this endeavour. Here, we present two accounts that offer competing views of how social deficits might arise in those with ADHD. Next, we systematically review and synthesise the literature on the N170 in ADHD to identify whether atypicalities in sociocognitive domains like face processing occur in this patient population. Gaps in the literature are identified and concrete solutions are offered to improve future research in this area. We end by discussing immediate implications for treatment approaches designed to address widely observed social deficits in individuals with ADHD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Through-Space Electrochemiluminescence Reveals Bubble Forces at Remote Phase Boundaries.

Several groups have reported on the curious chemistry and reaction acceleration in confined volumes. These complex multiphase systems most closely resemble natural processes, and new measurement tools are necessary to probe chemistry in such environments. Generally, electrochemiluminescence (ECL) reports on processes immediately near (within a few micrometers) the electrode surface. Here, we introduce through-space ECL, reporting on dynamics of processes far away (100s of µm) from the electrode surface. We achieved this by collecting reflected ECL light. During the heterogeneous oxidation of C2O42- in an aqueous phase adjacent to a 1,2-dichlorethane droplet, CO2 accumulates in the 1,2-dichloroethane droplet. Upon buildup, we demonstrate that a CO2 bubble forms in the nonaqueous phase and is surprisingly trapped at the water|1,2-dichloroethane interface and continues to grow. The co-oxidation of tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) in the aqueous phase lights up the electrode surface and reflects off the edges of the bubble, revealing the bubble growth over time even when the bubble is fractions of a millimeter from the surface. We extend our results to quantifying bubble forces at the water-oil interface at remote distances from the electrode surface.

Phase-Resolved Electrochemiluminescence with a Single Luminophore.

Multiphase chemical systems are greatly different than bulk solutions, as they provide a unique environment for reactions to proceed and have unique physicochemical properties. Thus, new tools need to be developed to gain a more detailed understanding of these systems. Here, we use electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) to elucidate phase boundaries precisely and comprehensively between aqueous droplets and an organic continuous phase owing to ECL's unprecedented spatial resolution (a few micrometers) confined at the electrode surface. Phase-resolved mapping was accomplished by selecting a luminophore that is soluble in both phases while selecting two coreactants that are exclusively soluble in one phase or the other. This type of system allows us to map the complex liquid|electrode and the liquid|liquid interfaces in a multiphase system. We show that electrical connectivity is not conserved throughout solvent inclusions, which result from neighboring droplet coalescence, indicating an unexpected initial lack of electronic communication. These results have great importance to energy storage and conversion devices and wearable/implantable sensors, which are dominated by complex, multiphase environments.

Symbol superiority: Why $ is better remembered than 'dollar'.

Memory typically is better for information presented in picture format than in word format. Dual-coding theory (Paivio, 1969) proposes that this is because pictures are spontaneously labelled, leading to the creation of two representational codes-image and verbal-whereas words often lead to only a single (verbal) code. With this perspective as motivation, the present investigation asked whether common graphic symbols (e.g.,!@#$%&) are afforded primarily verbal coding, akin to words, or whether they also invoke visual imagery, as do pictures. Across four experiments, participants were presented at study with graphic symbols or words (e.g., $ or 'dollar'). In Experiment 1, memory was assessed using free recall; in Experiment 2, memory was assessed using old-new recognition. In Experiment 3, the word set was restricted to a single category. In Experiment 4, memory for graphic symbols, pictures, and words was directly compared. All four experiments demonstrated a memory benefit for symbols relative to words. In a fifth experiment, machine learning estimations of inherent stimulus memorability were found to predict memory performance in the earlier experiments. This study is the first to present evidence that, like pictures, graphic symbols are better remembered than words, in line with dual-coding theory and with a distinctiveness account. We reason that symbols offer a visual referent for abstract concepts that are otherwise unlikely to be spontaneously imaged.

Trends in alcohol-impaired crashes in California, 2016 to 2021: A time series analysis for alcohol involvement and crash distribution among demographic subgroups.

BACKGROUND: In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic and control measures changed alcohol consumption in the United States (US) and globally. Before the pandemic, alcohol-impaired crashes contributed to approximately one-third of all road traffic crash injuries and fatalities nationally. We examined the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on crashes and examined differences in alcohol-involved crashes across various subgroups. METHODS: The University of California Berkeley Transportation Injury Mapping Systems provided information on all crashes reported to the California Highway Patrol from January 1, 2016 through December 31, 2021. Using autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models applied to weekly time series data, we estimated the effect of California's first mandatory statewide shelter-in-place order (March 19, 2020) on crashes per 100,000 population. We also examined crash subgroups according to crash severity, sex, race/ethnicity, age, and alcohol involvement. RESULTS: In California, the mean crash rate per week before the pandemic (January 1, 2016-March 18, 2020) was 9.5 crashes per 100,000 population, and 10.3% of those were alcohol-involved. After the initiation of the COVID-19 stay-at-home order, the percentage of crashes that were alcohol-involved rose to 12.7%. Overall, the crash rate across California decreased significantly (-4.6 crashes per 100,000; 95% CI: -5.3, -3.9), including across all examined subgroups, with the greatest decrease among the least severe crashes. However, there was a 2.3% absolute increase in the proportion of crashes that were alcohol-involved (0.02 crashes per 100,000; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The initiation of a COVID-19 stay-at-home ordinance in California was associated with a substantial decrease in overall crash rates. While crashes have returned to pre-pandemic levels, alcohol-involved crashes remain elevated. The initiation of the stay-at-home order significantly increased alcohol-impaired driving, which has remained elevated.

Self-Report Survey Measures of Alcohol-Impaired Driving: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE: Alcohol-impaired driving is a major contributor to motor vehicle crash deaths and injury. Many survey studies include self-report measures of alcohol-impaired driving, but no guidance is available to help researchers select from among available measures. The aims of this systematic review were to compile a list of measures that researchers have used previously, to compare performance between measures, and to identify the measures with highest validity and reliability. METHOD: Literature searches of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science identified studies that assessed alcohol-impaired driving behavior through self-report. The measures from each study and, if available, indices of reliability or validity were extracted. Using the measures' text, we developed 10 codes to group similar measures and compare them. For example, the "alcohol effects" code refers to driving while feeling dizzy or lightheaded after drinking, and the "drink count" code pertains to the number of drinks someone consumed before driving. For measures with multiple items, each item was categorized separately. RESULTS: After screening according to the eligibility criteria, 41 articles were included in the review. Thirteen articles reported on reliability. No articles reported on validity. The self-report measures with the highest reliability coefficients contained items from multiple codes, namely alcohol effects and drink count. CONCLUSIONS: Self-report alcohol-impaired driving measures with multiple items evaluating distinct aspects of alcohol-impaired driving show better reliability than measures using a single item. Future work investigating the validity of these measures is needed to determine the best approach for conducting self-report research in this area.

Optimizing sobriety checkpoints to maximize public health benefits and minimize operational costs.

BACKGROUND: Sobriety checkpoints are a highly effective strategy to reduce alcohol-impaired driving, but they are used infrequently in the USA. Recent evidence from observational studies suggests that using optimized sobriety checkpoints-operating for shorter duration with fewer officers-can minimize operational costs without reducing public health benefits. The aim of this research was to conduct a pilot study to test whether police can feasibly implement optimized sobriety checkpoints and whether researchers can examine optimized sobriety checkpoints compared to usual practice within a non-randomized controlled trial study design. METHODS: The study site was the Town of Apex, NC. We worked with Apex Police Department to develop a schedule of sobriety checkpoints during calendar year 2021 that comprised 2 control checkpoints (conducted according to routine practice) and 4 optimized checkpoints staffed by fewer officers. Our primary operations aim was to test whether police can feasibly implement optimized sobriety checkpoints. Our primary research aim was to identify barriers and facilitators for conducting an intervention study of optimized sobriety checkpoints compared to usual practice. A secondary aim was to assess motorist support for sobriety checkpoints and momentary stress while passing through checkpoints. RESULTS: Apex PD conducted 5 of the 6 checkpoints and reported similar operational capabilities and results during the optimized checkpoints compared to control checkpoints. For example, a mean of 4 drivers were investigated for possibly driving while impaired at the optimized checkpoints, compared to 2 drivers at control checkpoints. The field team conducted intercept surveys among 112 motorists at 4 of the 6 checkpoints in the trial schedule. The survey response rate was 11% from among 1,045 motorists who passed through these checkpoints. Over 90% of respondents supported sobriety checkpoints, and momentary stress during checkpoints was greater for motorists who reported consuming any alcohol in the last 90 days compared to nondrinkers (OR = 6.7, 95%CI: 1.6, 27.1). CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study indicate the sobriety checkpoints can feasibly be optimized by municipal police departments, but it will be very difficult to assess the impacts of optimized checkpoints compared to usual practice using an experimental study design.

Differential sensing with arrays of de novo designed peptide assemblies.

Differential sensing attempts to mimic the mammalian senses of smell and taste to identify analytes and complex mixtures. In place of hundreds of complex, membrane-bound G-protein coupled receptors, differential sensors employ arrays of small molecules. Here we show that arrays of computationally designed de novo peptides provide alternative synthetic receptors for differential sensing. We use self-assembling α-helical barrels (αHBs) with central channels that can be altered predictably to vary their sizes, shapes and chemistries. The channels accommodate environment-sensitive dyes that fluoresce upon binding. Challenging arrays of dye-loaded barrels with analytes causes differential fluorophore displacement. The resulting fluorimetric fingerprints are used to train machine-learning models that relate the patterns to the analytes. We show that this system discriminates between a range of biomolecules, drink, and diagnostically relevant biological samples. As αHBs are robust and chemically diverse, the system has potential to sense many analytes in various settings.

Measurement of Microcystin Activity in Human Plasma Using Immunocapture and Protein Phosphatase Inhibition Assay.

Microcystins are toxic chemicals generated by certain freshwater cyanobacteria. These chemicals can accumulate to dangerous levels during harmful algal blooms. When exposed to microcystins, humans are at risk of hepatic injury, including liver failure. Here, we describe a method to detect microcystins in human plasma by using immunocapture followed by a protein phosphatase inhibition assay. At least 279 microcystins have been identified, and most of these compounds share a common amino acid, the Adda side chain. We targeted this Adda side chain using a commercial antibody and extracted microcystins from human samples for screening and analysis. To quantitate the extracted microcystins, we fortified plasma with microcystin-LR, one of the most well-studied, commonly detected, and toxic microcystin congeners. The quantitation range for the detection of microcystin in human plasma using this method is 0.030-0.50 ng/mL microcystin-LR equivalents. This method detects unconjugated and conjugated forms (cysteine and glutathione) of microcystins. Quality control sample accuracies varied between 98.9% and 114%, with a precision of 7.18-15.8%. Finally, we evaluated plasma samples from a community health surveillance project of Florida residents living or working near harmful algae blooms.

Firearm assaults against US law enforcement officers in the line-of-duty: Associations with firearm ownership and state firearm laws.

Law enforcement officers are disproportionately affected by occupational injury. Firearm violence is the second leading cause of occupational mortality for this group behind motor vehicle crashes. In the general population, greater firearm ownership and weaker firearm laws are associated with increased firearm violence incidence. It is plausible that a high prevalence of firearms could also be associated with a greater incidence of LEO assault with a firearm. Using data from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's, Uniform Crime Reporting, Police Employee Data for 2006-2016, we conducted a panel analysis to estimate the association between state-level estimates of household firearm ownership and LEO assault with a firearm. We additionally examined if effect modification by universal background check law status was present. Higher state-level firearm ownership was associated with an increased odds of LEO assault with a firearm in multi-level models. This association was modified by universal background check law status. In states without a universal background check law, for every 1% increase in state-level firearm ownership per agency-year, there was a 12.4% increase in the odds of an LEO assault with a firearm when adjusting for confounders (OR:1.124; 95% CI:1.018,1.240). In states with a universal background check law, there was no association. Findings, though small in magnitude, suggest aggregate firearm ownership may contribute to LEO assault with a firearm in states without a universal background check law. Future research to prevent LEO assault with a firearm should combine measures to address high rates of firearm ownership with other evidence-based prevention strategies.

An ab initio study of the rovibronic spectrum of sulphur monoxide (SO): diabatic vs. adiabatic representation.

We present an ab initio study of the rovibronic spectra of sulphur monoxide (32S16O) using internally contracted multireference configuration interaction (ic-MRCI) method and aug-cc-pV5Z basis sets. It covers 13 electronic states X3Σ-, a1Δ, b1Σ+, c1Σ-, A''3Σ+, A'3Δ, A3Π, B3Σ-, C3Π, d1Π, e1Π, C'3Π, and (3)1Π ranging up to 66 800 cm-1. The ab initio spectroscopic model includes 13 potential energy curves, 23 dipole and transition dipole moment curves, 23 spin-orbit curves, and 14 electronic angular momentum curves. A diabatic representation is built by removing the avoided crossings between the spatially degenerate pairs C3Π-C'3Π and e1Π-(3)1Π through a property-based diabatisation method. We also present non-adiabatic couplings and diabatic couplings for these avoided crossing systems. All phases for our coupling curves are defined, and consistent, providing the first fully reproducible spectroscopic model of SO covering the wavelength range longer than 147 nm. Finally, an ab initio rovibronic spectrum of SO is computed.