Mutational data and population profiling of 23 Y-STRs in three Brazilian populations.

Y-chromosomal STRs are important markers in forensic genetics, due to some peculiar characteristics. The absence of recombination makes them a useful tool to infer kinship in complex cases involving distant paternal relatives, or to infer paternal bio-geographic ancestry. The presence of a single copy, being transmitted from father to son, allow tracing mutational events in Y-STRs without ambiguity. For the statistical interpretation of forensic evidences based on Y-STR profiles, it is necessary to have estimates on both mutation rates and haplotype frequencies. In this work, 407 father-son duos from São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro states and 204 unrelated individuals from Manaus were analyzed. Haplotype frequencies and mutation rates for the Y-STRs from the PowerPlex Y23 commercial kit were estimated. Thirty-six mutations were observed in 15 of the 22 Y-STRs analyzed, for an average mutation rate of 3.84 × 10-3 (95 % CI 2.69 × 10-3 to 5.32 × 10-3). All mutations in GAAA repeats occurred in alleles with 13 or more uninterrupted units. Mutations in GATA repeats were observed in alleles with 9-17 uninterrupted units. An analysis carried out in different father's age groups showed an increase of 2.48 times the mutation rate in the age group of 40-50 years, when compared to the 20-30 age group, in agreement with the described for autosomal STRs. A high haplotype diversity was found in the three Brazilian populations. Pairwise genetic distance analysis (FST) showed no significant differences between the three populations in this study, which were also close to populations with strong European influence. The highest distances among the Brazilian populations were with São Gabriel da Cachoeira, which has a high Native American ancestry.

Genetic characterization of 32 X-InDels in a population sample from São Paulo State (Brazil).

X-chromosomal markers can be useful in some forensic cases, where the analysis of the autosomal markers is not conclusive. In this study, a population sample of 500 unrelated individuals born in São Paulo State was characterized for 32 X-InDel markers. No deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were detected, except for MID1361. The 32 X-InDels showed an accumulated power of discrimination of 0.9999999999993 in females and 0.99999993 in males and an exclusion chance of 0.999996 in trios and 0.99995 in duos. São Paulo showed lower genetic distances to the Colombian admixed and European populations than to Native American, Asian, or African populations. Ancestry analysis revealed 41.8% European, 31.6% African, and 26.6% Native American contributions. Segregation analysis was performed in 101 trios, and the mutation rate was estimated to be low.

Mutation rates for 20 STR loci in a population from São Paulo state, Southeast, Brazil.

Short tandem repeats (STRs) are genetic markers largely employed in forensic analysis and paternity investigation cases. When an inconsistency between the parent and child is considered as a possible mutation, the mutation rate should be incorporated into paternity index calculations to give a robust result and to reduce the chance of misinterpretation. The aim of this study was to estimate the mutation rates of 20 autosomal STRs loci used for paternity tests. In these loci we analysed 29,831 parent-child allelic transfers from 929 duo or trio paternity tests carried out during 2012?2016 from São Paulo State, Brazil. We identified 35 mutations in 16 loci, and they were more frequent in the paternal germline compared to the maternal germline. The loci with the highest rate were vWA and FGA and the ones with the lowest rate were PENTA E, PENTA D, D21S11, D7S820 and D6S1043. We did not identified any mutation in D2S1338, TH01, TPOX and D16S539 loci. All mutations consisted of losses or gains of one repeat unit. Mutation rates found in the São Paulo population have peculiarities, which justifies the use of regional databases in laboratories.