Stunting in children under five years old is still a health problem in the Western Brazilian Amazon: a population-based study in Assis Brasil, Acre, Brazil.

Despite the process of nutritional transition in Brazil, in some places, such as the Amazon region, stunting is still an important public health problem. We identified the prevalence and factors associated with stunting in children under five years old residing in the urban area of Assis Brasil. A survey was conducted in which a questionnaire on socioeconomic, maternal and children's conditions was applied, and height or length was measured. The children with height for age index below -2 Z-scores were considered stunted, according to the criteria by the World Health Organization. Four hundred and twenty-eight children were evaluated. Of these, 62 were stunted. Factors associated with stunting, according to adjusted models, were: the presence of open sewer, the wealth index for households, the receipt of governmental financial aid and the mother's height, age and education. Therefore, it was observed that family and the mother's characteristics as well as environmental and socioeconomic factors were closely related to the occurrence of stunting in the population studied, and such nutritional disturbance is still a health problem in the Brazilian Amazon.

Stunting in children under five years old is still a health problem in the Western Brazilian Amazon: a population-based study in Assis Brasil, Acre, Brazil / Nanismo em crianças menores de cinco anos de idade ainda é um problema de saúde na Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira: um estudo de base populacional em Assis Brasil, Acre, Brasil

Abstract Despite the process of nutritional transition in Brazil, in some places, such as the Amazon region, stunting is still an important public health problem. We identified the prevalence and factors associated with stunting in children under five years old residing in the urban area of Assis Brasil. A survey was conducted in which a questionnaire on socioeconomic, maternal and children’s conditions was applied, and height or length was measured. The children with height for age index below -2 Z-scores were considered stunted, according to the criteria by the World Health Organization. Four hundred and twenty-eight children were evaluated. Of these, 62 were stunted. Factors associated with stunting, according to adjusted models, were: the presence of open sewer, the wealth index for households, the receipt of governmental financial aid and the mother’s height, age and education. Therefore, it was observed that family and the mother’s characteristics as well as environmental and socioeconomic factors were closely related to the occurrence of stunting in the population studied, and such nutritional disturbance is still a health problem in the Brazilian Amazon.

Resumo Apesar do processo de transição nutricional no Brasil, em alguns lugares, como a região amazônica, o nanismo ainda é um importante problema de saúde pública. Identificou-se a prevalência e fatores associados ao déficit de crescimento em crianças menores de cinco anos de idade residentes na área urbana de Assis Brasil. Um inquérito foi realizado utilizando instrumento semiestruturado sobre características socioeconômicas, maternas e das crianças, e foram aferidas medidas antropométricas. As crianças com índice de estatura para idade inferior a -2 escores-Z foram consideradas com déficit de crescimento, de acordo com os critérios da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Quatrocentos e vinte e oito crianças foram avaliadas. Destas, 62 apresentaram déficit de crescimento. Os fatores associados à baixa estatura, de acordo com modelos ajustados, foram: presença de esgoto a céu aberto, índice de riqueza para as famílias, recebimento de ajuda financeira governamental, altura materna, idade e escolaridade maternas. Portanto, observou-se que as características familiares e da mãe, bem como fatores ambientais e socioeconômicos estavam intimamente relacionados com a ocorrência de déficit de crescimento na população estudada, e que a desnutrição ainda é um problema de saúde na Amazônia brasileira.

Insegurança alimentar em famílias com crianças menores de cinco anos de idade, na fronteira Brasil-Peru / Food insecurity in families with children under five years of age on the Brazil-Peru Amazon border

Food and nutrition security is the regular and permanent access to quality food in sufficient quantity. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and factors associated with food insecurity in households with children under five in the Amazon frontier Brazil - Peru. The study was conducted in 352 households in Assis Brasil (Brazil) and 89 households Iñapari (Peru), finding a prevalence of food insecurity of 40.6 % and 38.2 % , respectively ( p = 0.856 ) . In Assis Brasil, having domicile with wood floors or land increased by 2.47 times the odds of food insecurity compared to cement floors, ceramic or quarry tiles . Belonging to the poorest tertile increased the chance of food insecurity in 6.04 times ( p < 0.001 ), and the increment of each new resident increased by 37 % the chance of food insecurity in the household . In Iñapari, only living in house made of wood or with a wood floor was associated with food insecurity, showing that income is still the main factor associated with food insecurity in the Amazonian borders.

A segurança alimentar e nutricional consiste na realização do direito de todos ao acesso regular e permanente a alimentos de qualidade, em quantidade suficiente, sem comprometer o acesso a outras necessidades essenciais, tendo como base práticas alimentares promotoras de saúde que respeitem a diversidade cultural e que sejam ambiental, cultural, econômica e socialmente sustentáveis. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a prevalência e os fatores associados a insegurança alimentar em famílias com crianças menores de cinco anos na fronteira amazônica Brasil - Peru. O estudo foi realizado nos municípios de Assis Brasil (Brasil) e Iñapari (Peru) localizados na tríplice fronteira formada por Brasil, Bolívia e Peru. Dos 441 domicílios com crianças menores de 5 anos identificados, 352 (79,82%) localizavam-se em Assis Brasil, e os demais em Iñapari. As prevalências de insegurança alimentar nos municípios são semelhantes. Assis Brasil apresentou 40,6% e Iñapari 38,2% (p=0,856). Em Assis Brasil, ter domicilio com piso de madeira ou terra aumentou em 2,47 vezes a chance de insegurança alimentar comparado a piso de cimento, tijolo, cerâmica ou lajota. Pertencer ao tercil mais pobre aumentou a chance da insegurança alimentar em 6,04 vezes (p < 0,001), e o incremento de cada novo morador aumentou 37% a chance de insegurança alimentar no domicílio. Este estudo mostra que na região amazônica a renda ainda é o principal fator associado a insegurança alimentar.

Child Health in the Peruvian Amazon: Prevalence and Factors Associated with Referred Morbidity and Health Care Access in the City of Iñapari.

Introduction. Children under 5 years of age are more susceptible to developing morbidities such as diarrhea, respiratory infections, anemia, and malnutrition. The objective of the study is to evaluate the prevalence of reported morbidities in this age group in the city of Iñapari (Peru) and the access to health services in this municipality. Methods. Data collection using interviews that assessed socioeconomic and demographic conditions, child morbidity, and access to health services was performed in 2011. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 13.0. Results. Regarding morbidities that occurred during lifetime, 39.8% reported previous anemia and intestinal parasite infection. About 53.7% of the children reported any type of morbidities in the last 15 days before interview, being most frequent respiratory symptoms (38.9%), diarrhea (23,4%), and fever (23,1%). Only 63.1% of those reporting recent morbidities sought health care. These morbidities were associated with precarious sanitation and lack of infrastructure, the presence of other comorbidities, and poor access to health services. Conclusion. The main referred morbidities in Amazonian Peruvian children were diarrhea, respiratory symptoms, anemia, and vomiting. Incentives and improvements in the health and sanitation conditions would be important measures to improve the quality of life of the Amazonian child population.

Seroprevalence and seroconversion of dengue and implications for clinical diagnosis in amazonian children.

This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of serum IgG dengue in children in an Amazonian population, to assess the seroconversion rate in 12 months, and to estimate how many seropositive children had a prior clinical diagnosis of dengue. We conducted a population-based study between 2010 and 2011, with children aged 6 months to 12 years that were living in the urban area of a small town in the Brazilian Amazon. The prevalence of IgG antibodies against dengue antigens was determined by indirect ELISA technique, and seronegative children were reexamined after 12 months to determine seroconversion rates. Results showed seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against dengue type of 2.9%, with no significant association between age, race, and sex. In seropositive children, only 8.4% had received a clinical diagnosis of dengue, and the ratio of clinically diagnosed cases and subclinical cases was 1 : 11. The seroconversion rate between 2010 and 2011 was 1.4% (CI 3.8% to 35.1%). The seroprevalence of dengue in this pediatric population was low, and the vast majority of cases were not clinically detected, suggesting a difficulty in making the clinical diagnosis in children and a high frequency of asymptomatic infections.

Socioeconomic inequalities are still a barrier to full child vaccine coverage in the Brazilian Amazon: a cross-sectional study in Assis Brasil, Acre, Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Vaccines are very important to reduce morbidity and mortality by preventable infectious diseases, especially during childhood. Optimal coverage is not always achieved, for several reasons. Here we assessed vaccine coverage for the first 12 months of age in children between 12 and 59 months old, residing in the urban area of a small Amazonian city, and factors associated with incomplete vaccination. METHODS: A census was performed in the urban area of Assis Brasil, in the Brazilian Amazon, in January 2010, with mothers of 282 children aged 12 to 59 months old, using structured interviews and data from vaccination cards. Mixed logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with incomplete vaccination schemes. RESULTS: Only 82.6% of all children had a completed the basic vaccine scheme for the first year of life. Vaccine coverage ranged from 52.7% coverage (oral rotavirus vaccine) to 99.7% coverage (for Bacille Calmette-Guérin). The major deficiencies occurred in doses administered after the first six months of life. Incomplete vaccination was associated with not having enough income to buy a house (aOR = 2.12, 95% CI 1.06-4.21), low maternal schooling (aOR = 2.60, 95% CI 1.28 - 5.29) , and time of residence of the child in the urban area of the city (aOR = 0.73, 95% CI 0.55 - 0.95). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that vaccine coverage in the first twelve months of life in Assis Brasil is similar to other areas in the Amazon and it is below the coverage postulated by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Low vaccine coverage was associated with socioeconomic inequities that still prevail in the Brazilian Amazon. Short and long-term strategies must be taken to update child vaccines and increase vaccine coverage in the Amazon.

Perfil clínico-epidemiológico dos casos de hanseníase notificados no município de Assis Brasil, Acre, no período de 2003 a 2010 / Clinical and epidemiological profile of leprosy cases reported in Assis Brazil, Acre, in the period 2003 to 2010

A hanseníase é considerada um problema de saúde pública nos países em desenvolvimento. No período de 2001 a 2007, o Acre foi o 8o Estado com os maiores coeficientes de prevalência e incidência de hanseníase em todo o Brasil. Este é um estudo retrospectivo que utilizou os dados das fichas de notificação de casos de hanseníase do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação do município de Assis Brasil, Acre, entre 2003 e 2010. Os dados foram digitados e analisados no programa SPSS, sendo que médias e proporções foram comparadas com o Teste de Anova e o Teste do Qui-Quadrado. Foram notificados 25 casos novos, com coeficiente de detecção de 98,7/100.000 habitantes em 2010, sendo 56% casos índices e 44% contatos; oito (32%) casos de hanseníase paucibacilar e 17 (68%) de hanseníase multibacilar. Predominou a forma dimorfa (52%), seguido da forma tuberculóide (32%) e forma virchowiana (16%). A bacilos-copia foi negativa em 75% dos testes. Nove pacientes foram considerados curados no tempo preconizado, um paciente necessitou de maior tempo de tratamento, oito pacientes ainda estavam em tratamento e seis casos ti-veram evolução desconhecida. A alta frequência de ca-sos de hanseníase multibacilar reforça a ideia da demora no diagnóstico e da dificuldade em detectar formas mais leves da doença, contribuindo para manter a transmis-são, necessitando de maior ação do sistema de saúde.

Leprosy is a public health problem in the developing world. Between 2001 and 2007, Acre state presented the 8th highest incidence and prevalence coefficients in the whole country. This is a retrospective study that used the notification data from the local health system, between 2003 and 2010. Data was analyzed in SPSS; av-erages and proportions were compared using Anova and Chi-square test. There were 25 new cases notified, with a new case detection coefficient of 98,7/100.000 inhabitants in 2010, being 56% index cases, 44% con-tacts; eight (32%) paucibacillary cases and 17 (68%) multibacillary cases. The predominant clinical form was dimorphous (52%), followed by tuberculoid (32%) and virchow ́s forms (16%). The baciloscopy was negative in 75% of cases. Nine patients were considered cured in the allotted time, one patient needed longer treatment time, eight patients were still under treatment and six patients had unknown follow-up. The high frequency of multibacillary cases reinforces the idea that the diag-nosis is taking long to be performed and it is difficult to detect mild forms of the disease, contributing for main-taining the transmission, therefore a more effective ac-tion must be taken by the health system.