ABSTRACT
El constructo Mental Toughness (MT) se considera un componente esencial del rendimiento deportivo, por lo tanto, es importante examinarcómo se ofrecen y aplican a los atletas los programas para desarrollar MT. En este sentido, el objetivo de este estudio fue revisar la literatura en relación a los programas de entrenamiento psicológico (PST) aplicados para el desarrollo de la Robustez Mental en el contexto deportivo. Se utilizaron las bases de datos Scielo, PubMed, SportDiscus, BVS, Embase y Psynet, considerando los idiomas portugués, inglés y español. Se utilizó el programa EndNote® para almacenar y organizar el material. Los criterios de inclusión fueron artículos completos, con atletas, que investigaran el entrenamiento psicológico para el desarrollo de MT; los criterios de exclusión fueron: estudios de revisión, estudios de áreas distintas al deporte y entrenamiento psicológico realizado con atletas lesionados. Los resultados muestran 1.858 estudios y, de ese total, se incluyeron diez estudios para síntesis y análisis cualitativo. Los hallazgos muestran que cuatro estudios utilizaron modalidades colectivas y siete utilizaron modalidadesindividuales, siendo cuatro estudios con atletas adultos y seis con atletas adolescentes. En cuanto a la estructura de los programas, seis estudios utilizaron actividades tradicionales de PST, mientras que dos trabajaron con actividades específicas para desarrollar MT. Para la evaluación previa y posterior, los diez estudios utilizaron herramientas que miden MT. De los estudios analizados, nueve muestran un aumento en las puntuaciones de MT después de las intervenciones. En conclusión, los programas de entrenamiento psicológico orientados al desarrollo de la MT no se diferencian de los programas tradicionales de PST, tanto en las habilidades psicológicas trabajadas, las actividades realizadas y el número de sesiones. (AU)
The Mental Toughness (MT) construct is considered an essential component of sports performance, therefore, it is important to examine how programs to develop MT are being offered and applied to athletes. In this sense, the objective of this study was to review the literature in relation to psychological training programs (PST) applied for the development of Mental Toughness in the sport context. The Scielo, PubMed, SportDiscus, BVS, Embase, and Psynet databases were used, considering the Portuguese, English and Spanish languages. The program EndNote® was used to store and organize the material. The inclusion criteria were full papers, with athletes, investigating the psychological training for MT development; the exclusion criteria were: review studies, studies of areas other than sports, and psychological training carried out with injured athletes. The results show 1.858 studies and, from this total, ten studies were included for synthesis and qualitative analysis. The findings show four studies used collective modalities, and seven used individual modalities, being four studies with adult athletes and six with teenager athletes. Concerning the structure of the programs, six studies used traditional PST activities, while two worked with specific activities to develop MT. For the pre-and post-evaluation, all the ten studies used tools that measure MT. From the analysed studies, nine show an increase in MT scores after the interventions. In conclusion, the psychological trainingprograms geared to developing the MT are not different from traditional PST programs, both in terms of the psychological skills worked on, the activities performed and the number of sessions. (AU)
O construto Robustez Mental (RM) é considerado um componente essencial do desempenho esportivo, portanto, é importante analisar como os programas para desenvolver a RM estão sendo oferecidos e aplicados aos atletas. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi revisar a literatura em relação aos programas de treinamento psicológico (PST) aplicados para o desenvolvimento da Robustez Mental no contexto esportivo. Foram utilizadas as bases de dados Scielo, PubMed, SportDiscus, BVS, Embase e Psynet, considerando os idiomas português, inglês e espanhol. O programa EndNote® foi utilizado para armazenar e organizar o material. Os critérios de inclusão foram artigos completos, com atletas, investigando o treinamento psicológico para o desenvolvimento da RM; os critérios de exclusão foram: estudos de revisão, estudos de outras áreas que não o esporte e treinamento psicológico realizado com atletas lesionados. Os resultados mostram 1.858 estudos e, desse total, dez estudos foram incluídos para síntese e análise qualitativa. Os achados mostram que quatro estudos utilizaram modalidades coletivas e sete utilizaram modalidades individuais, sendo quatro estudos com atletas adultos e seis com atletas adolescentes. Quanto à estrutura dos programas, seis estudos utilizaram atividades tradicionais do PST, enquanto dois trabalharam com atividades específicas para desenvolver a RM. Para a pré e pós-avaliação, todos os dez estudos utilizaram instrumentos que medem a RM. Dos estudos analisados, nove mostram um aumento nos escores da RM após asintervenções. Em conclusão, os programas de treinamento psicológico voltados ao desenvolvimento da RM não diferem dos programas tradicionais de PST, tanto em termos de habilidades psicológicas trabalhadas, quanto nas atividades realizadas e no número de sessões. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Exercise/psychology , 34600 , Athletes , SportsABSTRACT
Introduction: Intervention programs in sports psychology aid to modify the thoughts and behaviors of athletes in order to improve their performance in sports settings. For high-performance athletes, these interventions are very relevant, given that they constantly face pressure towards obtaining sporting achievements. Methods: This systematic review aims to analyze the scientific articles between 2010 and 2020 that evaluated the effect of psychological interventions on high-performance athletes. In the search procedure, nine studies were selected, the most studied variables were psychological skills, psychological flexibility, and stress. Results: The 44% of the interventions were designed by the research authors themselves, while the remaining 56% were replicated programs, which already had scientific evidence. Discussion: Psychological interventions have a positive impact on sports performance. This review allows sports institutions and professionals to have more knowledge and resources at their disposal to implement these types of programs in their sports planning.
ABSTRACT
El objetivo de este trabajo fue adaptarse interculturalmente y examinar las propiedades psicométricas de la Performance Perfectionism Scale for Sport(PPS-S) para uso en la población brasileña. Este instrumento fue basado en el modelo teórico de Hewitt y Flett y desarrollado por Hill, Appleton y Mallinson para medir el perfeccionismo en un contexto específico del desempeño deportivo. La validación del instrumento siguió las directrices para adaptaciones transculturales de instrumentos de medidas en ciencias de la salud. Después de la adaptación cultural de la escala original en inglés, el instrumento fue aplicado en 953 atletas (15-16 años) de ambos sexos. El modelo original de la escala fue probado, con análisis factorial confirmatorio, utilizando el software LISREL (versión 9.30). Los resultados mostraron un ajuste satisfactorio con 3 factores y 9 ítems (χ2 = 116,15 p <0,001, RMSEA = 0,063, GFI = 0,974, AGFI = 0,961, NFI = 0,937, CFI = 0,928, NNFI = 915, χ2 / gl = 4,83). Las pruebas satisfactorias de consistencia interna también se generaron a través del análisis de cargas factoriales y valores t.Contrariamente, los índices de alfa de Cronbach y confiabilidad compuesta no fueron adecuados en la variable latente que se refiere al perfeccionismo auto-orientado. La varianza media extractada carecía de buen ajuste y sólo asumió validez convergente en uno de los tres factores del instrumento.La validez discriminante también sugiere evidencia poco contundente y, por lo tanto, más estudios con otras muestras de atletas son necesarios para evaluar de forma más adecuada las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento y afirmar su uso adecuado
O objetivo destetrabalho foi adaptar-se Interculturalmenteeexaminar as propriedades psicométricas da Escala de Perfeccionismo no Desempenho Esportivo (Performance Perfectionism Scale for Sport). Este instrumento, baseado no modelo teórico de Hewitt e Flett, foi desenvolvido por Hill, Appleton e Mallinson para medir o perfeccionismo no contexto específico do desempenho esportivo. A validação do instrumento seguiu as diretrizes para adaptações transculturais de instrumentos de medidas em ciências da saúde. Após a adaptação cultural da escala original em inglês, os dados foram coletados de 953 atletas (15-16 anos) de ambos os sexos. O modelo original da escala foi testado, com análise fatorial confirmatória, utilizando o software LISREL (versão 9.30). Os resultados revelaram um ajuste satisfatório com 3 fatores e 9 itens (χ2 = 116,15 p <0,001, RMSEA = 0,063, GFI = 0,974, AGFI = 0,961, NFI = 0,937, CFI = 0,928, NNFI =. 915, χ2 / gl = 4,83). Testes satisfatórios de consistência interna também foram gerados através da análise de cargas fatoriais e valores t. Contrariamente, os índices dos testes de alfa de Cronbach's e confiabilidade composta não foram adequados na variável latente que se refere ao perfeccionismo auto-orientado. A variância media extraída careceu de bom ajuste e só assumiu validade convergente em um do três fatores do instrumento. A validade discriminante também sugere evidencia pouco contundente e, portanto, mais estudos com outras amostras de atletas são necessários para avaliar de forma mais adequada as propriedades psicométricas do instrumento e afirmarseu uso adequado
The objective of this work was to adapt and validate psychometrically the Performance Perfectionism Scale for Sport (PPS-S)for use in the Brazilian population. This instrument was based on the theoretical model of Hewitt and Flett and developed by Hill, Appleton and Mallinson to measure perfectionism in a specific context of sports performance. The validation of the instrument followed the guidelines for transcultural adaptations of health science measurement instruments. After the intercultural adaptation of the original scale in English, the data were collected from 953 athletes (15-16 years old) of both sexes. The original scale model was tested with confirmatory factorial analysis using the LISREL software (version 9.30). The results revealed a satisfactory fit with 3 factors and 9 items (χ2 = 116.15 p <0.001, RMSEA = 0.063, GFI = 0.974, AGFI = 0.961, NFI = 0.937, CFI = 0.928, NNFI = 915, χ2 / gl = 4.83). Satisfactory tests of internal consistency were also generated through the analysis of factorial loads and t-values. In contrast, Cronbach's alpha test scores and composite reliability were not adequate for the latent variable that refers to self-oriented perfectionism. The extracted mean variance lacked a good fit and only assumed convergent validity in one of the three factors of the instrument. Discriminant validity also suggests little conclusive evidence and, therefore, more studies with other samples of athletes are necessary to better evaluate the psychometric properties of the instrument and to assert its adequate use
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Psychometrics/instrumentation , Perfectionism , Competitive Behavior , Sports/psychology , Psychometrics/statistics & numerical data , Brazil/epidemiology , Athletic Performance/psychologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate whether body image satisfaction improves with practice in resistance training in elderly women. METHODS: Forty women were selected and randomly divided into an untrained group (UN) group and a group trained in resistance exercises (RT). To evaluate body image satisfaction, the silhouette matching task was used. RESULTS: No differences were found between current (5.45±0.24) and ideal (4.7±0.12) silhouettes in the RT group. However, the UN group showed a significant difference (p<0.01) between current (10.4±0.43) and ideal (5.6±0.26) silhouettes. The current silhouette was significantly different between the UN and RT groups (p<0.002). However, the ideal silhouette value did not differ between them. Body satisfaction was present in 90% of the participants in the RT group, and the difference was 15% less than that in the UN group (x2 test, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Resistance training in elderly women can promote satisfaction with their body image.
Subject(s)
Body Image , Personal Satisfaction , Resistance Training , Aged , Aging/physiology , Analysis of Variance , Body Mass Index , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Self ReportABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate whether body image satisfaction improves with practice in resistance training in elderly women. METHODS: Forty women were selected and randomly divided into an untrained group (UN) group and a group trained in resistance exercises (RT). To evaluate body image satisfaction, the silhouette matching task was used. RESULTS: No differences were found between current (5.45±0.24) and ideal (4.7±0.12) silhouettes in the RT group. However, the UN group showed a significant difference (p<0.01) between current (10.4±0.43) and ideal (5.6±0.26) silhouettes. The current silhouette was significantly different between the UN and RT groups (p<0.002). However, the ideal silhouette value did not differ between them. Body satisfaction was present in 90% of the participants in the RT group, and the difference was 15% less than that in the UN group (x2 test, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Resistance training in elderly women can promote satisfaction with their body image.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Personal Satisfaction , Body Image , Resistance Training , Aging/physiology , Body Mass Index , Cross-Sectional Studies , Analysis of Variance , Self ReportABSTRACT
El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el significado que tiene para los árbitros y asistentes del fútbol portugués profesional el arbitrar. Fueron evaluados 47 árbitros de la primera división de la Liga Portuguesa de Fútbol Profesional a través de una pregunta generadora: escriba que significa el arbitrar para ti. el análisis de los discursos fue hecho de acuerdo con los procedimientos recomendados por Miles y Huberman (1994). se tuvieron en cuenta 5 categorías de discursos: relación con el fútbol; costos de la práctica; emoción por el arbitraje; interacción social y medios de vida. Los resultados muestran que el estar conectado al mundo del fútbol, la pasión y la relación con los otros árbitros son factores motivacionales importantes y hacen que los árbitros tengan altos grados de excitación y placer en su actividad laboral. También se pudo conocer que la tarea de arbitrar es generadora de estrés y burnout (AU)
The aim of this study was to evaluate the personal meaning of refereeing for Portuguese football referees. Participants were 47 football referees from the 1st Portuguese Professional Football League evaluated through an open question: write down what refereeing means to you. The analysis was made according to Miles & Huberman (1994) procedures. The 5 categories are: relation with the football; costs of the practice; emotion for the arbitration; social interaction and way of life. The results show that be connected to the world of the football, passion and the relationship with other referees are important motivational factors, with that the referees have a high grade of excitement and pleasure in his labor activity. on the other hand the task of refereeing is generating of stress and burnout (AU)
