Biphasic insulin aspart 70/30 vs. insulin glargine in insulin naïve type 2 diabetes patients: modelling the long-term health economic implications in a Swedish setting.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the long-term clinical and economic outcomes of biphasic insulin aspart 70/30 (BIAsp 70/30) treatment vs. insulin glargine in insulin naïve, type 2 diabetes patients failing oral antidiabetic drugs in a Swedish setting. METHODS: A published and validated computer simulation model (the CORE Diabetes Model) was used to project life expectancy, quality-adjusted life expectancy (QALE) and costs over patient lifetimes. Cohort characteristics [54.5% male, mean age 52.4 years, 9 years mean diabetes duration, mean glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) 9.77%] and treatment effects were based on results from the Initiate Insulin by Aggressive Titration and Education (INITIATE) clinical trial. Direct medical costs were accounted in 2006 Swedish Kronor (SEK) and economic and clinical benefits were discounted at 3% per annum. RESULTS: Biphasic insulin aspart 70/30 treatment when compared with insulin glargine treatment was associated with improvements in discounted life expectancy of 0.21 years (13.10 vs. 12.89 years) and QALE of 0.21 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) (9.16 vs. 8.96 QALYs). Reductions in the incidence of diabetes-related complications in the BIAsp 70/30 treatment arm led to reduced total costs of SEK 10,367 when compared with insulin glargine (SEK 396,475 vs. SEK 406,842) over patient lifetimes. BIAsp 70/30 treatment was projected to be dominant (cost and lifesaving) when compared with insulin glargine in the base case analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Biphasic insulin aspart 70/30 treatment was associated with improved clinical outcomes and reduced costs compared with insulin glargine treatment over patient lifetimes. These results were driven by improved HbA1c levels associated with BIAsp 70/30 compared with insulin glargine and the accompanying reduction in diabetes-related complications despite increases in body mass index.

[Effect of adaptation to light of different spectral composition on photosynthesis of Chlorella cells]. / Vliianie adaptatsii k svetu raznogo spektral'nogo sostava na fotosintez kletok khlorelly.

Dependence of cell photosynthesis in different spectral regions on illumination conditions of chlorella culture during growing (blue, green and red light) was studied. Change in the shape of action spectra of photosynthesis (measured with interference light filters) was discovered. This change is mostly pronounced in relation to the red and blue maxima. The largest relative value of the blue maximum was observed for the cells grown in the red light.

[Quantum productivity of different areas of the spectrum during cultivation of an asynchronous Chlorella culture]. / O kvantovoi produktivnosti razlichnykh oblastei spektra pri vyrashchivanii asinkronnoi kul'tury khlorelly

The data are given of calculation of quantum productivity of chlorella asynchroneous culture during 7 hour development in different spectrum regions. High quantum productivity when chlorella develops in the green spectrum region is shown.

[Effect of light of different spectral composition on pigment accumulation, productivity and effectiveness of use of absorbed energy in photosynthesis during the developmental cycle of Chlorella]. / Vliianie sveta razlichnogo spektral'nogo sostava na nakoplenie pigmentnov, produktivnost' i éffektivnost' ispol'zovaniia pogloshchennoi énergii v fotosinteze v techenie tsikla razvitiia khlorelly

The paper deals with the effect of light of different spectral composition on the duration of developmental cycle, pigment accumulation, productivity and efficiency of the use of absorbed energy in photosynthesis during the developmental cycle of Chlorella. An extremely high efficiency of using the green spectrum region in photosynthesis (21,0%) was observed. The efficiency of using absorbed radiation of the red (12%) and blue (6%) spectrum regions is also very high, but significantly lower than that of the green one. The activity of metabolic processes in Chlorella cells differs in various spectrum regions during different developmental cycles and is determined by the acting spectrum.

[Protein-carbohydrate productivity of Chlorella and efficiency of use of light of varying spectral composition in photosynthesis]. / Belkovo-uglevodnaia produktivnost' khlorelly i éffektivnost' ispol'zovaniia sveta razlichnogo spektral'nogo sostava v fotosinteze

Data are presented on the intensity of carbohydrates and protein biosynthesis during the cultivation of Chlorella asynchroneous culture illuminated with light different spectral regions. High photosynthetic activity of absorbed radiation of the spectrum green region is found.