Parasitic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Track and Liver.

Parasites have coevolved with humans. Several of them colonize the human body and establish a symbiotic relationship. Other parasites cause severe and lethal diseases. Prevalence of parasitic infections is decreased in highly industrialized countries, largely due to enforced hygienic practices. In contrast, parasites cause significant morbidity and mortality in parts of the world with barriers to effective public hygiene. Some parasites have emerged as potent pathogens in specific patient populations, such as immune suppressed individuals, regardless of sanitation. This article reviews common parasites encountered in clinical practice and, in the setting of host-parasite symbiosis, discusses their immune regulatory role.

Acute Cholangitis: Causes, Diagnosis, and Management.

Acute cholangitis, also referred to as ascending cholangitis, is an infection of the biliary tree characterized by fever, jaundice, and abdominal pain, which in most cases is the consequence of biliary obstruction. Diagnosis is commonly made by the presence of clinical features, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. The treatment modalities include administration of intravenous fluids, antimicrobial therapy, and prompt drainage of the bile duct. Early diagnosis and treatment of acute cholangitis are crucial to prevent unwanted clinical outcome of the disease. This article provides an update on early diagnosis and management of acute cholangitis.