Effect of the rigidification of propranolol, a mixed ß-adrenoceptor and 5-HT1AR antagonist.

Propranolol is a popular ß adrenergic antagonists that, together with pindolol, binds also to serotoninergic receptors, namely 5-HT1A/B. In this work the rigidification of the propranolol structure by locking its hydroxyl group within a 1,3-dioxolane ring was investigated. Constrained derivatives of propranolol were synthesized, fully characterized and tested for their affinity at ß-adrenoreceptors and 5-HT1A/B/C receptors using radioligand binding assay. The constrained derivatives were inactive, as expected, at ß1/2/3 adrenergic receptors. Although less expected, these derivatives failed to bind also to 5-HT1A/B/C receptors. The rigidification of propranolol is detrimental for 5-HT1AR activity.

Synthesis, absolute configuration and antimuscarinic activity of the enantiomers of [1-(2,2-diphenyl-[1,3]dioxolan-4-yl)-ethyl]-dimethyl-amine.

Methylation of the carbon atom C of compound 1, a potent and not selective muscarinic antagonist, was carried out. The resulting diastereomers were separated and the corresponding racemate further resolved to give four enantiomers, which were tested both as hydrogen oxalate and methiodide salts. The pharmacological results obtained at M1, M2 and M3 muscarinic receptor subtypes, show that methylation at C1, depending on the stereochemistry, increases antagonist potency, having thus the same effect of nitrogen quaternization. These results may well lead to the development of new potent antimuscarinic drugs lacking a cationic head.

Structure-activity relationship at alpha-adrenergic receptors within a series of imidazoline analogues of cirazoline.

Several analogues of cirazoline (2), a selective alpha1-adrenoreceptor agonist, were prepared and their pharmacological profiles studied. Although at the alpha1-adrenoreceptor all the compounds displayed a significant agonist activity, at the alpha2-adrenoreceptor they showed either agonist or antagonist activity depending on the nature of the phenyl substituent. The qualitative structure-activity relationship led us to the conclusion that the oxygen atom in the side-chain is essential for alpha1-agonist activity, while the cyclopropyl ring is not, and may be replaced by several groups. Of the groups studied, isopropoxy appears to be the best. Instead, the same substitution (i.e., isopropoxy for the cyclopropyl ring) at alpha2-adrenoreceptors causes a reversal of activity. On the other hand, the cyclopropyl ring seems to be important for alpha1-selectivity. Compound 20 is the most potent alpha1-agonist of the series, being equiactive with cirazoline on rat vas deferens and in pithed rat.

Coupling of I(1) imidazoline receptors to the cAMP pathway: studies with a highly selective ligand, benazoline.

Clonidine and benazoline are two structurally related imidazolines. Whereas clonidine binds both to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors (alpha(2)R) and to I(1) imidazoline receptors (I(1)R), benazoline showed a high selectivity for imidazoline receptors. Although the alpha(2)R are negatively coupled to adenylate cyclase, no effect on cAMP level by activation of I(1)R has been reported so far. We therefore aimed to compare the effects of clonidine and benazoline on forskolin-stimulated cAMP levels in cell lines expressing either I(1)R only (PC12 cells), alpha(2)R only (HT29 cells), or I(1)R and alpha(2)R together (NG10815 cells). Clonidine proved able to decrease the forskolin-stimulated cAMP level in the cells expressing alpha(2)R and this effect could be blocked by rauwolscine. In contrast, in cells lacking these adrenoceptors, clonidine had no effect. On the other hand, benazoline and other I(1) receptor-selective imidazolines decreased forskolin-stimulated cAMP level in the cells expressing I(1)R, in a rauwolscine- and pertussis toxin-insensitive manner. These effects were antagonized by clonidine. According to these results, we demonstrated that 1) alpha(2)R and I(1)R are definitely different entities because they are expressed independently in different cell lines; 2) alpha(2)R and I(1)R are both implicated in the cAMP pathway in cells (one is sensitive to pertussis toxin and the other is not); and 3) I(1)R might be coupled to more then one transduction pathway. These new data will be essential to further understand the physiological implications of the I(1)R and the functional interactions between I(1) receptors and alpha(2)-adrenoceptors.

Enigmatic receptors.

The identification of new binding sites raises the problem of defining their role, if any. At times they are shown to be pharmacological receptors, in a strict sense, as they fulfill certain requirements, and a precise physiological role and function, and an endogenous ligand (neurotransmitter) are discovered. At other times, however, neither a clear physiological role nor an endogenous ligand are found, but the term "receptor" is still used, although it may not be a proper one in the conventional pharmacological sense. Furthermore, no clear intracellular signalling transduction pathway is defined and, as a consequence, it is not possible to determine whether drugs binding to these receptors act as agonists or antagonists. What their structure and biological function are and how they mediate the pharmacological effects of ligands may remain for a long time an enigma. The matter, in any case, is of great interest to researchers of different areas, especially to medicinal chemists who foresee novel potential targets for therapeutic interventions. In this meeting one section is dedicated to two examples of this kind of receptors: imidazoline (I) and sigma (sigma) receptors.

Synthesis and antimuscarinic activity of some ether- and thioether-bearing 1,3-dioxolanes and related sulfoxides and sulfones.

A series of 1,3-dioxolane-based ligands, bearing ether, thioether and related sulfoxide and sulfone functionalities, were synthesised and tested as potential muscarinic antagonists. The compounds display moderate to low affinity for the three receptor subtypes M1-M3, with some of them showing a significant selectivity for the M1-M3 over the M2 subtype.

Ligand binding to I2 imidazoline receptor: the role of lipophilicity in quantitative structure-activity relationship models.

A series of 2-trans-styryl-imidazoline (tracizoline) congeners were designed and tested to develop 2-D and 3-D QSAR models for their binding to imidazoline (I2) receptor. The important role of lipophilicity was assessed by classical 2-D QSAR study (Hansch approach) and by comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) with the inclusion of the molecular lipophilicity potential (MLP), as an additional descriptor, besides standard steric and electrostatic fields. Results from these studies were compared to those obtained in a previous modeling study of I2 receptor ligands and integrated into a new, comprehensive model, based on about sixty I2 receptor ligands. This model revealed, at the three-dimensional level, the most significant steric, electrostatic, and lipophilic interactions accounting for high I2 receptor affinity.

Imidazoline receptors: qualitative structure-activity relationships and discovery of tracizoline and benazoline. Two ligands with high affinity and unprecedented selectivity.

The observation that all the attempts to characterize imidazoline (I) receptors have been carried out with non-selective or poorly selective ligands prompted us to undertaken research aimed at developing selective ligand(s). In previous work using, as a starting point, cirazoline I, a potent alpha 1-adrenergic receptor agonist that also binds to I receptors, we showed that removal of the cyclopropyl ring (2) retains high affinity for I2 receptors while reducing alpha 1-adrenergic agonist activity. However, it was felt that this residual, albeit modest, alpha 1-adrenergic agonist activity might diminish the usefulness of compound 2, and we now report on our continuing efforts in this field. Starting from compound 2, we first eliminated the alpha 1-agonist component by isosteric replacement and then, by means of conformational restrictions on compound 7, succeeded in discovering tracizoline (9) and benazoline (12). These two new ligands with high affinity (pKi value 8.74 and 9.07, respectively) and unprecedented selectivity with respect to both alpha 2- (I2/alpha 2 7,762 and 18,621) and alpha 1- (I2/alpha 1 2,344 and 2,691) adrenergic receptors, are valuable tools in the study of I receptor structure and function. In addition, the large number of derivatives studied has allowed us to establish congruent qualitative structure-activity relationships and identify some structural elements governing affinity and selectivity.

2-D and 3-D modeling of imidazoline receptor ligands: insights into pharmacophore.

A 3-D quantitative structure-activity relationship (3-D QSAR) study was carried out using comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) on both imidazoline (I2R) and alpha 2 receptor binding affinities of a large series of 2-substituted imidazolines. Significant cross-validated correlations, having promising predictive ability, were obtained along with 3-D pharmacophore models that defined the spatial regions where steric and electrostatic interactions may modulate the in vitro binding affinities and indicated possible physicochemical and structural requirements for I2/alpha 2 receptor selectivity.

Synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies in a series of 2-substituted 1,3-dioxolanes modified at the cationic head.

To develop ligands that may be useful in exploring muscarinic receptor heterogeneity, we synthesized a series of analogues of 2,2-diphenyl-[1,3]-dioxolan-4-ylmethyl-dimethylamine oxalate and methiodide bearing a modified cationic head. These compounds, when tested on tissues containing the three subtypes M1, M2, and M3, behaved as muscarinic antagonists whose results showed that different substituents on the quaternary and tertiary nitrogen affect affinity and selectivity in different ways. In particular comparison of the affinities of these ligands with those of the reference compounds points out that compounds bearing an ethyl substituent improve the affinity of the molecule at the three subtypes while compounds bearing a phenethyl substituent are more selective for the M3 sites.

Synthesis, NMR spectroscopy study, and antimuscarinic activity of a series of 2-(acyloxymethyl)-1,3-dioxolanes.

A series of 1,3-dioxolane-based ligands, bearing hydroxymethyl or ester functionalities, was synthesized and tested as potential muscarinic antagonists. The compounds display moderate to low affinity for the three receptor subtypes M1-M3, with some of them showing a significant selectivity for the M3 subtype. The configurational and conformational properties were studied using NOE experiments and vicinal coupling constants. The 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts show stereochemically dependent trends. Quantitative analysis of conformer populations showed that the exocyclic CH2N CH3)3 group is prevalently in a pseudo-axial orientation in the cis isomers and in a pseudo-equatorial orientation in the trans isomers.

Separation of alpha-adrenergic and imidazoline/guanidinium receptive sites (IGRS) activity in a series of imidazoline analogues of cirazoline.

To characterize the structure-activity relationship between alpha 1-adrenergic receptors and the family of imidazoline/guanidinium receptive sites (IGRS), we synthesized and characterized a series of analogues of cirazoline, an imidazoline with high affinity for alpha 1-adrenergic receptors and IGRS. Analysis of potency, affinity and efficacy of the synthesized molecules indicate different structure-activity relationships for IGRS and alpha-adrenergic receptors. Cirazoline exhibits a 25-fold higher affinity for IGRS (pKi 7.9) than for alpha 1-adrenergic receptors. Replacement of the cyclopropyl ring with an isopropoxy group resulted in a molecule that was 20-fold more selective for alpha 1-adrenergic receptors than for IGRS, i.e. a 500-fold increase in selectivity relative to cirazoline. The unsubstituted derivative 3 and the methyl and allyl substituted analogues 4 and 12 are of particular interest: compounds 3 and 4 recognize IGRS with high affinity (pKi 7.83 and 8.17) and high selectivity (398 and 123) with respect to the alpha 1-adrenergic receptor; compound 12 also recognizes IGRS with high affinity (pKi 8.08) and high selectivity (228 and 138) with respect to the alpha 2B and alpha 2C-adrenergic receptor subtypes. Thanks to their IGRS selectivity, these compounds represent novel and valuable pharmacological tools for the characterization and elucidation of the physiological role of these novel sites.

Synthesis and muscarinic receptors affinity of a series of antagonist bivalent ligands.

A series of bivalent ligands (2-8) derived from 2,2-diphenyl-[1,3]-dioxolan-4-ylmethyl-dimethylamine methiodide 1 has been synthesized and tested to evaluate affinity and selectivity for M1, M2 and M3 muscarinic receptor subtypes. In order to study the contribution of the spacer and of a second cationic head to the binding process, unsymmetrical ligands (9,10) have also been prepared. The results, expressed in terms of pA2 values, show that, although the spacer negatively affects the interaction of the bivalent ligands with the three receptor subtypes, affinity and selectivity are modulated by its length; this indicates that the pharmacophore binding sites are organized differently with respect to their mutual proximity and orientation, in each receptor subtype.

Pharmacological characterization of muscarinic receptor subtypes in rabbit isolated tissue preparations.

1 The affinity of some muscarinic antagonists for muscarinic receptors was determined in functional isolated tissue studies in order to compare the muscarinic receptor subtypes in the rabbit. 2 Our attention was specially focused on the question of whether the muscarinic receptors mediating vasodilatation in the aorta resemble or not the ones present on the jejunum of the gastrointestinal tract. 3 Isolated aorta, jejunum, stimulated left atrium and vas deferens preparations of rabbit were investigated with the following muscarinic antagonists: atropine, pirenzepine, methoctramine (N,N'-bis[6-92-methoxybenzyl)amino hexyl]-1,8-octane-diamine tetrahydrochloride) and 4-DAMP (4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide). 4 The results demonstrate that the receptors on aorta are unlike those on the other rabbit tissues: pirenzepine pA2 was 6.4 on aorta but 8.1 on vas deferens; methoctramine pA2 was 5.9 on aorta but 7.1 on heart; 4-DAMP pA2 was 8.7 on aorta and 8.0 on jejunum. This raises the question: what subtype might be involved?