Transition between saturation regimes of gyrokinetic turbulence.

A gyrokinetic model of ion temperature gradient driven turbulence in magnetized plasmas is used to study the injection, nonlinear redistribution, and collisional dissipation of free energy in the saturated turbulent state over a broad range of driving gradients and collision frequencies. The dimensionless parameter L(T)/L(C), where L(T) is the ion temperature gradient scale length and L(C) is the collisional mean free path, is shown to parametrize a transition between a saturation regime dominated by nonlinear transfer of free energy to small perpendicular (to the magnetic field) scales and a regime dominated by dissipation at large scales in all phase space dimensions.

Nonuniversal power-law spectra in turbulent systems.

Turbulence is generally associated with universal power-law spectra in scale ranges without significant drive or damping. Although many examples of turbulent systems do not exhibit such an inertial range, power-law spectra may still be observed. As a simple model for such situations, a modified version of the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation is studied. By means of semianalytical and numerical studies, one finds power laws with nonuniversal exponents in the spectral range for which the ratio of nonlinear and linear time scales is (roughly) scale independent.

[Helminthic cenosis of does in regions of Bulgaria]. / Khelmintotsenozata pri surnite v niakoi raioni na stranata.

Studies were carried out on the species composition of helminths as found in does in individual region of the Rhodope and Balkan Mountains and in the northeast part of this country. A total of 28 helminth species were found, belonging to 8 families as follows: class Trematoda--one family with one species; class Cestoda--one family with one species; and class Nematoda--6 families with 26 species. Most widespread were the species Chabertia ovina, with 82 per cent of infected animals; Spiculopteragia spiculoptera, with 74.1 per cent of infected animals; Ostertagia leptospicularis, with 66.6 per cent of infected animals; and Ostertagia asymetrica and Muflonagia podjapolskyi, with 33.3 per cent of infected animals. The necropsy of a doe, found in the region of the central Rhodope Mountains in a state of strongly manifested cachexia, revealed a massive Chabertia ovina infection. The severe traumatic and toxic inflammation of the intestines as caused by the parasite was characterized by oedema of the mucous membrane, with hyperaemia and pin-point hemorrhages. Similar Chabertia ovina infections were also found in does of other regions.

[Immunodiffusion studies of the complete somatic antigens of Paramphistomum sp. and Fasciola hepatica]. / Imunodifuzionni izsledvaniia na pulni somatichni antigeni ot Paramphistomum sp. i Fasciola hepatica.

Investigations were carried out through the agar gel immunodiffusion test of complete somatic antigens of Paramphistomum sp. and Fasciola hepatica, using the respective homologic and heterologic hyperimmune rabbit sera. Differences were established in the spectrum and number of the produced precipitation lines - 6 to Paramphistomum and 4 to Fasciola. With the identity test by the scheme in three after Zilber and Abelev (1962) no precipitation arcs were formed against the heterologic hyperimmune rabbit sera. This pointed the fact that there was no antigenic relation between the helminth species studies.

[Fractionation of the Trichinella spiralis antigen and allergy diagnosis trails]. / Fraktsionirane na antigen ot Trichinella spiralis i opiti za alergichna diagnostika.

Experiments were carried out to fractionate an antigen of Trichinella spiralis with Sephadex G-50 and G-100. The specificty of the fractions has been followed up by means of the intradermal allergic reaction in six pigs, experimentally infected with Trichenalla spiralis, one with Trichocephalus suis and three, born by trichinellosis-affected sows. The second fraction has been tested also on four pigs, experimentally inoculated with Ascaris suum, nine--with Ascarsis suum and Oesophagostomum and 19 healthy pigs. The intradermal allergic tests were effected with thrichinellous fractions, diluted 1:1000. The results obtained from the investigations indicate that the best separation of the complete trichinellous antigen, obtained from lyophilized trichinellae, is achieved with Sephadex G-100. In the case of an intradermal allergic test, a well-expressed reaction is attained with the 2nd fraction and the 1st fraction, the reaction being maintained for a longer times with the 2nd fraction.

[Diagnostic value of the allergy test and precipitation reaction for the intravital diagnosis of trichinelliasis in swine]. / Vurkhu diagnostichnata stoinost na alergichnata proba i reaktsiia pretsipitatsiia za prizhiznena diagnostika na trikhineloza po svinete.

A total of twenty-two experimentally infected pigs, presenting from 250 to 12000 Trichinellae per kilogram body weight, were studied by the skin allergy test, the tube precipitation reaction, and the double gel diffusion technique after Ouchterlony in the course of one year following infection. Use was made of a Trichinella antigen obtained by the Tanner and Gregory's modified method. Unspecific allergy reactions were observed in 2.04% of 104 control pigs, and 2 of the infected ones did not react to the antigen diluted 1:1000. To decrease the cases of unspecific reactions a suggestion was made to extend the antigen from 1:5000 to 1:10000 and to read the result of the reactions not earlier than the 45th min. after injecting the antigen and the physiologic saline. The precipitation reaction proved positive in a comparatively short period--up to the fourth month of infection, and in sporadic cases up to the 7 1/2 month. Unspecific precipitation was observed in 18.7% of a total of 53 control sera. Ouchterlony's diffusion technique was shown to be specific, revealing trichinellosis in the animals from the 15th to the 365th day after the infection had been carried out. It was most markedly expressed from the 30th to the 120th day. It is suggested to use the skin allergy test on farms with a record of swine trichinelloses, all positively reacting pigs being serologically studied after Ouchterlony.

[Pathomorphological studies of trichocephaliasis in sheep]. / Patomorfologichni izsledvaniia na trikhotsefalozata po ovtsete.

The morphologic study of 22 sucking and weaned lambs (8 experimentally and 14 spontaneously infected with Trichocephalus) revealed that in its biologic development in the host Trichocephalus fixes itself firmly and penetrates deeply at its head and into the mucous membrane of the caecum and the large intestine. Besides, at these sites morphologic lesions in cases of strong infection have been established in the liver, kidneys, spleen, and lung. The desquamated epithelial cells and the erythrocytes found in the digestive canal of the parasite showed that sheep Trichocephalus sp. are hematophages. The indented chitin cover and its morphologic peculiarities is a structural anatomic and biologic adaptation enabling the fixing and dependable adherence to the intestinal mucous membrane of the host.

[Studies of the decontamination of the sewage from animal husbandry farms]. / Izsledvaniia vurkhu obezvrediavaneto na ottochnite vodi ot zhivotnovudnite fermi.

Investigations revealed that under the conditions prevailing in the districts of Sofia and .pernik Ascaris suum and Trichocephalus suis eggs remained viable at the conventional storage of liquid manure on the large farms for about a year, and Fasciola hepatica and Paramphistomum sp. eggs--for 2 to 3 months. The methods of electrocoagulation and electroflotation could be employed with success in the cleansing and rendering harmless of the sewage waters after the preliminary treatment with calcium hydroxide. In terms of stabilizing the process, enhancing the cleansing effect and harmlessness, and lowering the use of electrical energy better results are obtainable with the use of pulsating current and constant current perdiodically changing its polarity.

[Studies of the humoral reactivity of piglets with experimental trichinelliasis]. / Prouchvaniia na khumoralnata reaktivnost na praseta s eksperimentalna trikhineloza

Studied were pigs with experimental Trichinella spiralis infection by means of biopsy, the complement-fixation test, the tube precipitation reaction, the double diffusion technique after Ouchterlony, and the microimmunoelectrophoresis after Scheidegger, using an antigen obtained by the method of Tanner and Gregory as modified by the authors. Highest titers established by the c. f. test and the tube precipitation reaction were observed on 30th--60th day after the infection. Complement-fixing antibodies were found up to the end of the third month, and precipitins -- up to the end of the fourth month of the infection. With the use of the double diffusion technique and the immunoelectrophoresis method the precipitation arcs were observed in the 2nd and 3rd month after the infection.