Correction: Brauner et al. Dental Management of Maxillofacial Ballistic Trauma. J. Pers. Med. 2022, 12, 934.

The authors wish to make the following correction to this paper [...].

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Role of dentist in early diagnosis.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a genetic disorder characterized by an impairment of steroid synthesis due to an altered production of 21-hydroxylase enzyme. Corticoid hormones are involved in the development and functioning of many organs. The aim of the present study was to review the international literature to collect data regarding oral manifestations of CAH. A review of the literature describing oral features of patients affected by CAH was performed using electronic databases (PubMed and Scopus). The data about number of patients, form of CAH, and oral findings were extracted and analyzed. Seven studies were included in the final analysis. The principal findings reported regarded an advanced dental development observed in patients with CAH. One paper reported amelogenesis imperfecta and periodontal issues. The dentist could be the first specialist involved in the CAH syndrome diagnosis, identifying the characteristic features described above, especially for the classical simple virilizing and non-classical form.

Dental Implant Failure Risk in Post Oncological Patients, a Retrospective Study and Sapienza Head and Neck Unit Decisional Protocol- 7 Years of Follow-Up.

(1) Background: Patients with head and neck cancer are treated by ablative surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these. The side effects of cancer therapies can compromise conventional prosthesis rehabilitation; therefore, dental implants can result in a more effective solution. The aim of the study is to explain how to rehabilitate a patient that underwent head and neck cancer therapy. (2) Methods: This retrospective study conducted from 2015 to 2021 included 223 postoncological patients, aged between 32 and 80 years old. Eighteen patients did not proceed with any treatment, and two died. Therefore, 203 patients have been analyzed and rehabilitated following our decisional protocol, with a mean period of follow-up of 4 years. The implant placement was considered successful when a mean bone loss of 1.6 mm for the first year and a mean of 0.13 mm in subsequent years occurred (3) Results: A total of 161 patients were rehabilitated with a conventional prosthesis, 42 patients (F:M ratio 19:23) with an implant-supported prosthesis and a total of 200 implants were placed; 9 implants were lost (4.5% of 200 implants). Conclusions: The results confirmed that by following our protocol it is possible to obtain an acceptable rate of implant survival, considering the delicacy and complexity of post-oncological patients.

Dental Management of Maxillofacial Ballistic Trauma.

Maxillofacial ballistic trauma represents a devastating functional and aesthetic trauma. The extensive damage to soft and hard tissue is unpredictable, and because of the diversity and the complexity of these traumas, a systematic algorithm is essential. This study attempts to define the best management of maxillofacial ballistic injuries and to describe a standardized, surgical and prosthetic rehabilitation protocol from the first emergency stage up until the complete aesthetic and functional rehabilitation. In low-velocity ballistic injuries (bullet speed <600 m/s), the wound is usually less severe and not-fatal, and the management should be based on early and definitive surgery associated with reconstruction, followed by oral rehabilitation. High-velocity ballistic injuries (bullet speed >600 m/s) are associated with an extensive hard and soft tissue disruption, and the management should be based on a three-stage reconstructive algorithm: debridement and fixation, reconstruction, and final revision. Rehabilitating a patient with ballistic trauma is a multi-step challenging treatment procedure that requires a long time and a multidisciplinary team to ensure successful results. The prosthodontic treatment outcome is one of the most important parameters by which a patient measures the restoration of aesthetic, functional, and psychological deficits. This study is a retrospective review: twenty-two patients diagnosed with outcomes of ballistic traumas were identified from the department database, and eleven patients met the inclusion criteria and were enrolled.

Osteo-odonto-keratoprosthesis According to Strampelli Original Technique: A Retrospective Study With Up to 30 Years of Follow-up.

PURPOSE: To describe clinical, anatomical, and visual outcomes obtained from a long-term follow-up of 59 patients who underwent osteo-odonto-keratoprosthesis (OOKP) using the Strampelli original technique. DESIGN: Retrospective clinical cohort study. METHODS: The study included 82 eyes of 59 patients who underwent OOKP surgery between 1969 and 2011. Patients' clinical characteristics before surgery as well as complications and further surgeries until the end of follow-up were recorded. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was revised before surgery and at 1 month, 1 year, and every 5 years until the 30th year of follow-up. RESULTS: Mean follow-up post-OOKP was 27.4 ± 11.2 years (range, 2.4-52). The most frequent cause of blindness was chemical injuries (71%). OOKP integrity was maintained in 77 of 82 eyes (94%) until the end of follow-up. Excluding cataract, acquired glaucoma was the most frequent complication, with a prevalence at 10 years of 36%. Mean BCVA improved from 2.60 ± 0.32 at presentation to 0.40 ± 0.65 at 1 year and 1.21 ± 1.19 logMAR at 30 years. Overall, 51% of the included eyes attained a BCVA better than 0.05 logMAR, and stabilization of BCVA was observed for the first 10 years of follow-up post-OOKP. Better BCVA outcomes were observed in the Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) group, whereas glaucoma was found not to significantly affect visual acuity. CONCLUSIONS: The original OOKP still represents a valid surgical choice, which is durable over time, for restoring vision in end-stage corneal blindness patients who are not eligible for a corneal transplant.

Artificial Intelligence: A New Diagnostic Software in Dentistry: A Preliminary Performance Diagnostic Study.

BACKGROUND: Artificial intelligence (AI) has taken hold in public health because more and more people are looking to make a diagnosis using technology that allows them to work faster and more accurately, reducing costs and the number of medical errors. METHODS: In the present study, 120 panoramic X-rays (OPGs) were randomly selected from the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences of Sapienza University of Rome, Italy. The OPGs were acquired and analyzed using Apox, which takes a panoramic X-rayand automatically returns the dental formula, the presence of dental implants, prosthetic crowns, fillings and root remnants. A descriptive analysis was performed presenting the categorical variables as absolute and relative frequencies. RESULTS: In total, the number of true positive (TP) values was 2.195 (19.06%); true negative (TN), 8.908 (77.34%); false positive (FP), 132 (1.15%); and false negative (FN), 283 (2.46%). The overall sensitivity was 0.89, while the overall specificity was 0.98. CONCLUSIONS: The present study shows the latest achievements in dentistry, analyzing the application and credibility of a new diagnostic method to improve the work of dentists and the patients' care.

Efficacy of bioactivated anticalculus toothpaste on oral health: a single-blind, parallel-group clinical study.

BACKGROUND: Current epidemiologic studies have confirmed the widespread presence of calculus in teenagers and adults of all ages. Among the multiple anticalculus strategies that have been proposed over the years inhibition of crystal growth has been the most attractive. Current formulations in anticalculus toothpastes and mothwash, utilize either hydroxyapatite or various pyrophosphate combinations. This study aimed to analyze the efficacy of an anticalculus tooth paste in combination or not with a mouth rinse. METHODS: Patients (totally 40) used a pyrophosphate-based toothpaste containing tetrapotassium pyrophosphate, pentasodium triphosphate, xylitol, hydroxyapatite, citric acid, and calcium carbonate (group A) in combination, with a mouth rinse containing an association of pentasodium triphosphate, tetrapotassium pyrophosphate and citric acid (group B). A range of parameters were measured for: saliva pH, Volpe Manhold Calculus Index (VMI), Gingival Index (GI), and Plaque Index (PI). RESULTS: The test mouth rinse group B showd reductions in VMI, GI, PI, and increases in pH levels, after using the combination of toothpaste and mouth rinse. No changes in the mucosa or teeth were observed in both groups. Patients perceived that the comitation of products was more effective. CONCLUSIONS: The results from the three-month calculus examination indicated that both the tested products, modified positively clincal parameters and salivary pH. Moreover, the use of the tested products was not associated with any adverse effects.

Evaluation of a Novel Technique for Closure of Small Palatal Fistula.

A palatal fistula is a pathological condition that connects the nasal cavities with the oral cavity. An oral-nasal fistula is reported as a possible post-surgical complication after the removal of oral carcinomas. The presence of a palatal fistula affects the patient's quality of life, making it necessary to apply a prosthetic device, such as a palatal plate, to keep the nasal cavities separated from the oral one. There are several surgical techniques to close a palatal fistula, but it is not possible to define the optimal technique as the approach is extremely dependent on the characteristics of the fistula. The aim of this article is to propose a minimally invasive technique to reduce the size of palatal fistulae and to reduce the surgical difficulty (NSPF). A total of 20 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were checked every two weeks. The fistula was injured with a needle every 2 weeks. Fifteen patients who healed with complete closure of the fistula reported no need for a palatal protection plate to eat, drink and speak normally. It is possible to conclude that the NSPF protocol is a valid approach for the non-surgical reduction of palatal fistulae, and it is possible, when the appropriate conditions are present, to achieve complete closure.

Overview of Candida albicans and Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection Agents and their Biomolecular Mechanisms in Promoting Oral Cancer in Pediatric Patients.

Oral carcinoma represents one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) account over 90% of all oral malignant tumors and are characterized by high mortality in the advanced stages. Early diagnosis is often a challenge for its ambiguous appearance in early stages. Mucosal infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV) is responsible for a growing number of malignancies, particularly cervical cancer and oropharyngeal carcinomas. In addition, Candida albicans (C. albicans), which is the principal fungi involved in the oral cancer development, may induce carcinogenesis through several mechanisms, mainly promoting inflammation. Medical knowledge and research on adolescent/pediatric patients' management and prevention are in continuous evolution. Besides, microbiota can play an important role in maintaining oral health and therefore all human health. The aim of this review is to evaluate epidemiological and pathophysiological characteristics of the several biochemical pathways involved during HPV and C. albicans infections in pediatric dentistry.

Prediction of Recurrence by Machine Learning in Salivary Gland Cancer Patients After Adjuvant (Chemo)Radiotherapy.

BACKGROUND/AIM: To investigate survival outcomes and recurrence patterns using machine learning in patients with salivary gland malignant tumor (SGMT) undergoing adjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Consecutive SGMT patients were identified, and a data set included nine predictor variables and a dependent variable [disease-free survival (DFS) event] was standardized. The open-source R software was used. Survival outcomes were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. The random forest approach was used to select the important explanatory variables. A classification tree that optimally partitioned SGMT patients with different DFS rates was built. RESULTS: In total, 54 SGMT patients were included in the final analysis. Five-year DFS was 62.1%. The top two important variables identified were pathologic node (pN) and pathologic tumor (pT). Based on these explanatory variables, patients were partitioned in three groups, including pN0, pT1-2 pN+ and pT3-4 pN+ with 26%, 38% and 75% probability of recurrence, respectively. Accordingly, 5-year DFS rates were 73.7%, 57.1% and 34.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The proposed decision tree algorithm is an appropriate tool to partition SGMT patients. It can guide decision-making and future research in the SGMT field.

A Retrospective Analysis of Treatment Outcomes Following Guided Bone Regeneration at Sites Exhibiting Severe Alveolar Ridge Atrophy.

ABSTRACT: Severely atrophic alveolar ridges represent a great challenge for implant-prosthetic rehabilitations. The aim of this study was to clinically and histologically evaluate horizontal and vertical bone gain, as well as implant survival/success rate after guided bone regeneration (GBR) for the reconstruction of large bone defects. Fourteen subjects (7 males and 7 females; mean age: 48.9 ±â€Š14.1) were enrolled in the study. They were selected according to specific inclusion criteria and all patients required GBR procedures for placing implants in severe atrophic jaws (bone height ≤6 mm). Guided bone regeneration was performed using dense polytetrafluoroethylene nonresorbable titanium-reinforced membranes associated with particulate heterologous bone grafts. Implant placement was performed 6 months after surgery at the same time as the removal of the membrane. Furthermore, a biopsy sample from the grafted sites was collected to conduct a histological analysis of the regenerated bone. Forty-seven dental implants were placed and followed up after prosthetic loading. Seventeen sites, 8 in the maxilla and 9 in the mandible, were suitable for the GBR procedure. The healing period was uneventful in 13 sites. The average value of vertical bone regeneration was 5.88 ±â€Š1.17 mm. Postloading follow-up ranged from 24 to 59 months. During the follow-up, clinical and radiographic exams showed no significant bone resorption and, in each case, the criteria for implants' survival were respected with no signs of any complications. Histological analysis of the bone biopsy samples revealed residual graft particulate in close contact with newly formed bone. Guided bone regeneration is a reliable technique for reconstruction of severe atrophic ridges. Larger long-term follow-up studies are needed to evaluate the condition of the bone grafted over time and its ability to support functional loading of the implants.

A New Medical Record Proposal to the Prognostic Risk Assessment for MRONJ in Oncologic Patients: "Sapienza Head and Neck Unit" Proposal.

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is an adverse event associated with antiresorptive and antiangiogenic drugs. The use of these drugs in the treatment of cancer patients with bone metastasis is necessary and standardized in the literature. A multidisciplinary approach for the patient's management is strongly recommended. Therefore, it should be necessary to integrate the path of these subjects with a dedicated dental screening in order to first assess the individual risk of developing a MRONJ, and then to plan dental treatments and oral hygiene sessions, and finally to schedule a follow-up to intercept and treat early osteonecrosis. The aim of this manuscript is to propose a new simple medical report to evaluate patients affected by metastatic bone cancer in order to reduce the risk of developing MRONJ.

Head and Neck Osteosarcoma-The Ongoing Challenge about Reconstruction and Dental Rehabilitation.

Head and Neck osteosarcoma is an uncommon disease. Hitherto, the treatment is surgical resection and survival is influenced by the presence of free margins. However, the dimension of the resection may represent a hurdle for an adequate Quality of Life (QOL). Maxillofacial district is a narrow space where the function, esthetics and patient's relational skills fit together like the gears of a clock. The functional results depend on the type of reconstruction and prosthetic rehabilitation that are both important to guarantee a good aesthetic result and finally increase the patient's self-esteem. This study aims to report our experience about head and neck (HN) osteosarcoma focusing the attention on reconstructive and dental-rehabilitative problems. It is a retrospective study all patients were surgically treated in our department. Subjects with histological diagnosis of HN osteosarcoma, treated between 2005 and 2017 were included. The demographic characteristics, surgical treatment, eventually secondary reconstruction and prosthetic rehabilitation, performed in the same department, have been collected. The QOL was assessed through the EORTC QLQ-H&N35 (European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Head and Neck 35) questionnaire. Fifteen patients were enrolled, eight received a free flap microsurgical reconstruction. Dental rehabilitation was performed in five cases and a mobile prosthesis was always delivered. Eighteen implants were inserted in fibula bones for three patients; highly porous implants were used.

Validation of an Intra-Oral Scan Method Versus Cone Beam Computed Tomography Superimposition to Assess the Accuracy between Planned and Achieved Dental Implants: A Randomized In Vitro Study.

Computer aided implantology is the safest way to perform dental implants. The research of high accuracy represents a daily effort. The validated method to assess the accuracy of placed dental implants is the superimposition of a pre-operative and a post-operative cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) with planned and placed implants. This procedure is accountable for a biologic cost for the patient. To investigate alternative procedure for accuracy assessment, fifteen resin casts were printed. For each model, six implants were digitally planned and then placed following three different approaches: (a) template guided free hand, (b) static computer aided implantology (SCAI), and (c) dynamic computer aided implantology (DCAI). The placement accuracy of each implant was performed via two methods: the CBCT comparison described above and a matching between implant positions recovered from the original surgical plan with those obtained with a post-operative intraoral scan (IOS). Statistically significant mean differences between guided groups (SCAI and DCAI) and the free hand group were found at all considered deviations, while no differences resulted between the SCAI and DCAI approaches. Moreover, no mean statistically significant differences were found between CBCT and IOS assessment, confirming the validity of this new method.

Use of Porous Implants for the Prosthetic Rehabilitation of Fibula Free Flap Reconstructed Patients.

Vascularized free flaps represent today the gold standard in Maxillo-Facial reconstructive treatment of the upper and lower compromised maxillas.The aim of this study is to perform the advantages and disadvantages of the vascularized fibula free flap and the available rehabilitation options with porous implants.In this study the authors analyzed 45 patients with 211 inserted implants treated and reconstructed with vascularized fibula flaps. The authors compared the use of 103 titanium tapered implants (with micro rough surface) versus 108 tantalum-titanium porous implants to evaluate the bone reabsorption and implant survival. Immediate implant stability, the peri-implant reabsorption, and the survival were evaluated. The follow-up was after 3, 6, 12, and 24 months.The authors found that for the 108 Zimmer TM they had an average bone loss of 1 mm ± 0.2 mm after 1 year of follow-up, compared with the other implants where the average bone loss was 2.27 mm ± 0.4.This study demonstrated that the problems caused by different fibula flaps level, compared with the mandibula or, with adjacent teeth in the maxilla, can be solved using TM porous implants that almost duplicate the fixture surface and guarantees long life prognosis to the authors' prosthetic devices.

Gingival Reactive Lesions in Orally Rehabilitated Patients by Free Revascularized Flap.

The aim is to discuss four cases of gingival reactive hyperplastic lesions in patients with a history of excision of oral neoplastic lesions and rehabilitation by a free revascularized flap of the iliac crest. One female and 3 male patients were referred due to the presence of exophytic lesions at the rehabilitated sites. The clinical examination revealed that the poor oral hygiene was the common trigger factor in all the cases, in addition to trauma from the upper left second molar in the first case, pericoronitis related to a partially erupted lower right third molar in the third case, and poor stability of an upper removable partial denture in the fourth case. All the cases were subjected to elimination of these suspected triggering factors, exclusion of dysplasia, excisional biopsy by CO2 laser, and five follow-up visits. The histological examination of all the cases confirmed the diagnosis of pyogenic granuloma. These presented cases suggest that the limitations in oral functions and maintaining the oral hygiene measures following the free revascularized flap reconstruction surgery probably played a role in the development of gingival reactive hyperplastic lesions with presence of trigger factors such as local trauma, chronic infection, or inadequate prosthesis.

Management of salivary gland malignant tumor: the Policlinico Umberto I, "Sapienza" University of Rome Head and Neck Unit clinical recommendations.

Salivary gland malignant tumor (SGMT) is a malignant disease requiring multidisciplinary approach. The rare incidence and the consequent lack of robust evidence-based medicine has called for a comprehensive update to draw recommendations for clinical practice. This paper is a summary of the XXX Head and Neck Unit guidelines regarding the management of SGMT. Recommendations include the indications for exclusive and adjuvant therapy, as well as metastatic management, for both major and minor SGMT.

Maxillofacial Prosthesis in Dentofacial Traumas: A Retrospective Clinical Study and Introduction of New Classification Method.

Background. Maxillofacial trauma represents a field of common interest as regards both the maxillofacial surgery and prosthodontics, especially for the functional and aesthetic stomatognathic rehabilitation. This condition necessitates relationship between maxillofacial surgeon and prosthodontist, to achieve the ultimate treatment goal. Purpose. The purpose of this study is to make predictable patients outcomes classifying their clinical data, using certain parameters and introducing a new classification method. Materials and Methods. We have chosen 7 parameters to classify the entity of the damage of these patients and to make their treatment and their prognosis predictable: number of teeth lost (T1-T4), upper/lower maxilla (U/L), alveolar/basal bone (Alv/B), gingival tissues (G), soft tissues (S), adult/child (a/c), and reconstructed patient (R). Results and Conclusions. The multidisciplinary approach and the collaboration between multiple clinical figures are therefore critical for the success of the treatment of these patients. The presence and quantification of above parameters influence the treatment protocol; patients undergo different levels of treatment depending on the measured data. The recognition of certain clinical parameters is fundamental to frame diagnosis and successful treatment planning.