ABSTRACT
Pterocaulon polystachyum is a species of pharmacological interest for providing volatile and non-volatile extracts with antifungal and amebicidal properties. The biological activities of non-volatile extracts may be related to the presence of coumarins, a promising group of secondary metabolites. In the present study, leaves and inflorescences previously used for the extraction of essential oils instead of being disposed of were subjected to extraction with supercritical CO2 after pretreatment with microwaves. An experimental design was followed to seek the best extraction condition with the objective function being the maximum total extract. Pressure and temperature were statistically significant factors, and the optimal extraction condition was 240 bar, 60 °C, and pretreatment at 30 °C. The applied mathematical models showed good adherence to the experimental data. The extracts obtained by supercritical CO2 were analyzed and the presence of coumarins was confirmed. The extract investigated for cytotoxicity against bladder tumor cells (T24) exhibited significant reduction in cell viability at concentrations between 6 and 12 µg/mL. The introduction of green technology, supercritical extraction, in the exploration of P. polystachyum as a source of coumarins represents a paradigm shift with regard to previous studies carried out with this species, which used organic solvents. Furthermore, the concept of circular bioeconomy was applied, i.e., the raw material used was the residue of a steam-distillation process. Therefore, the approach used here is in line with the sustainable exploitation of native plants to obtain extracts rich in coumarins with cytotoxic potential against cancer cells.
Subject(s)
Carbon Dioxide , Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid , Coumarins , Plant Extracts , Coumarins/chemistry , Coumarins/isolation & purification , Coumarins/pharmacology , Carbon Dioxide/chemistry , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/isolation & purification , Humans , Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid/methods , Plant Components, Aerial/chemistry , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Survival/drug effects , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
Acanthamoeba keratitis is an ophthalmic disease with no specific treatment that specially affects contact lens users. The silencing of serine phosphatase (SP) and glycogen phosphorylase (GP) proteins produced by Acanthamoeba has been shown to significantly reduce the cytopathic effect, although no vehicle was proposed yet to deliver the siRNA sequences to the trophozoites. In this study, PEGylated cationic liposomes were proposed and optimized using Box-Behnken design. The influence of DOTAP:DOPE ratio, DSPE-PEG concentration, and siRNA/DOTAP charge ratio were evaluated over both biological response and physicochemical properties of liposomes. The ratio of DOTAP:DOPE had an effect in the trophozoite activity whereas the charge ratio influenced both size and protease activity. The predicted values were very close to the observed values, yielding a formulation with good activity and toxicity profile, which was used in the following experiments. A murine model of ocular keratitis was treated with siGP + siSP-loaded liposomes, as well as their respective controls, and combined treatment of liposomes and chlorhexidine. After 15 days of eight daily administrations, the liposomal complex combined with chlorhexidine was the only treatment able to reverse the more severe lesions associated with keratitis. There was 60% complete regression in corneal damage, with histological sections demonstrating the presence of an integral epithelium, without lymphocytic infiltrate. The set of results demonstrate the efficacy of a combined therapy based on siRNA with classical drugs for a better prognosis of keratitis caused by Acanthamoeba.
Subject(s)
Acanthamoeba Keratitis/therapy , Acanthamoeba/drug effects , Chlorhexidine/pharmacology , Drug Delivery Systems/methods , Liposomes/chemistry , Protozoan Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Trophozoites/drug effects , Acanthamoeba/enzymology , Acanthamoeba/pathogenicity , Acanthamoeba Keratitis/parasitology , Acanthamoeba Keratitis/pathology , Animals , Cornea/drug effects , Cornea/parasitology , Cornea/pathology , Disease Models, Animal , Drug Administration Schedule , Drug Compounding/methods , Drug Therapy, Combination , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated/chemistry , Gene Expression Regulation , Glycogen Phosphorylase/antagonists & inhibitors , Glycogen Phosphorylase/genetics , Glycogen Phosphorylase/metabolism , Humans , Liposomes/metabolism , Phosphatidylethanolamines/chemistry , Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/antagonists & inhibitors , Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/genetics , Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/metabolism , Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry , Protozoan Proteins/genetics , Protozoan Proteins/metabolism , Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/chemistry , RNA, Small Interfering/genetics , RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Trophozoites/enzymology , Trophozoites/pathogenicityABSTRACT
Current treatments for Acanthamoeba keratitis are unspecific. Because of the presence of the resilient cyst form of the parasite, the infection is persistent. Silencing the key protein of cyst formation, glycogen phosphorylase, has shown potential for reducing encystment processes of the Acanthamoeba trophozoite. However, a suitable carrier to protect and deliver siRNA sequences is still needed. DOTAP: DOPE:DSPE-PEG liposomes were prepared by three different techniques and used to associate a therapeutic siRNA sequence. Liposomes prepared by film hydration followed by membrane extrusion were considered the most adequate ones with average size of 250 nm and zeta potential of +45 mV, being able to associate siRNA for at least 24 hr in culture medium. siRNA-liposomes could inhibit up to 66% of the encystment process. Cell viability studies demonstrated MTT reduction capacity higher than 80% after 3 hr incubation with this formulation. After 24 hr of incubation, LDH activity ranged for both the formulations from around 4% to 40%. In vivo tolerance studies in mice showed no macroscopic alteration in the eye structures up to 24 hr after eight administrations during 1 day. Histological studies showed regular tissue architecture without any morphological alteration. Overall, these results suggest that the formulations developed are a promising new strategy for the treatment of ocular keratitis caused by Acanthamoeba spp.
