ABSTRACT
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to systematically analyze the presence of secondary angular deformities after percutaneous epiphysiodesis based on long-standing radiographs, and to see if the occurrence and magnitude of angular deformities after percutaneous epiphysiodesis correlated with the amount of remaining growth at the time of surgery. Methods: From a local Health Register consisting of patients investigated using the Moseley Straight-Line Graph, we identified 269 patients who had undergone percutaneous epiphysiodesis from 2002 until 2020. Radiographic analysis included the measurement of mechanical axis and joint orientation angles on long-standing anterior-posterior radiographs. Remaining growth was analyzed based on the Menelaus method. Results: One hundred and forty epiphysiodeses (71 femurs and 69 tibiae) in 88 patients (39 girls and 49 boys) could be included in the study. Mean age at surgery was 13.2 (10-16.8) years, and mean skeletal age at surgery was 13.0 (9.8-15.7) years. A change of the MA (Mechanical axis) ≥10 mm was found in eight patients (9%). Secondary frontal plane deformities after percutaneous epiphysiodesis correlated significantly with the remaining growth at the time of surgery (p = 0.003). Conclusion: We found a high rate of secondary angular deformities after percutaneous epiphysiodesis, and the magnitude of the deformities correlated with the amount of remaining growth at the time of surgery. A modification of the original surgical method for percutaneous epiphysiodesis to also include ablation of central parts of the growth plate might be considered. Patients should be enrolled in a systematic follow-up scheme which allows for the early detection of possible angular deformities. Level of evidence: level III study.
ABSTRACT
Background and purpose - Limb lengthening with an intramedullary motorized nail is a relatively new method. We investigated if lengthening nails are reliable constructs for limb lengthening and deformity correction in the femur and the tibia. Patients and methods - 50 lengthenings (34 Precice and 16 Fitbone devices) in 47 patients (mean age 23 years [11-61]) with ≥12 months follow-up are included in this study. 30 lengthenings were done due to congenital and 20 because of posttraumatic deformity (21 antegrade femora, 23 retrograde femora, 6 tibiae). Initial deformities included a mean shortening of 42 mm (25-90). In 15 patients, simultaneous axial correction was done using the retrograde nailing technique. Results - The planned amount of lengthening was achieved in all but 2 patients. 5 patients who underwent simultaneous axial correction showed minor residual deformity; unintentionally induced minor deformities were found in the frontal and sagittal plane. The consolidation index was 1.2 months/cm (0.6-2.5) in the femur and 2.5 months/cm (1.6-4.0) in the tibia. 2 femoral fractures occurred in retrograde femoral lengthenings after consolidation due to substantial trauma. There were 8 complications, all of which were correctable by surgery, with no permanent sequelae. Interpretation - Controlled acute axial correction of angular deformities and limb lengthening can be achieved by a motorized intramedullary nail. A thorough preoperative planning and intraoperative control of alignment are required to avoid residual and unintentionally induced deformity. In the femur relatively fast consolidation could be observed, whereas healing was slower in the tibia.
