Subject(s)
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/drug therapy , Behavior Control , Central Nervous System Stimulants/adverse effects , Methylphenidate/adverse effects , Brain/drug effects , Central Nervous System Stimulants/therapeutic use , Child , Child Behavior/drug effects , Child, Preschool , Clinical Trials as Topic , Humans , Methylphenidate/therapeutic useSubject(s)
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/drug therapy , Central Nervous System Stimulants/therapeutic use , Methylphenidate/therapeutic use , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/epidemiology , Child , Child Behavior , Drug Utilization , Humans , Socialization , United StatesSubject(s)
Drug Industry/economics , Mental Health Services/economics , Mental Health Services/ethics , Societies , Behavioral Research/economics , Behavioral Research/ethics , Coercion , Ethics, Professional , Financial Support , Humans , Mental Health Services/trends , Psychopharmacology/economicsSubject(s)
Genetics, Behavioral , Violence , Congresses as Topic/economics , Financing, Government , Humans , United StatesABSTRACT
A retrospective examination of lethargic encephalitis finds many parallels with neuroleptic effects. The encephalitis, like the neuroleptics, produced an acute continuum of cognitive disorders from emotional indifference through apathy and onto a rousable stupor. It also produced similar acute dyskinesias, including akinesia, akathisia, dystonia, oculogyric crises, and tremors. The encephalitis also caused similar chronic effects, including dementia and psychosis, and somewhat different persistent dyskinesias. The chronic motor and cognitive disorders, like those associated with the neuroleptics, were often delayed in onset. An acute, severe episode of lethargic encephalitis also finds a parallel in the neuroleptic malignant syndrome. These parallels are probably due to a common site of action in the basal ganglia. They provide a model for understanding many neuroleptic effects and alert us to the probability of persistent cognitive deficits, including dementia, from neuroleptic treatment.
Subject(s)
Antipsychotic Agents/adverse effects , Encephalitis/diagnosis , Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome/diagnosis , Basal Ganglia Diseases/chemically induced , Basal Ganglia Diseases/diagnosis , Basal Ganglia Diseases/physiopathology , Chronic Disease , Cognition Disorders/chemically induced , Cognition Disorders/diagnosis , Cognition Disorders/physiopathology , Dementia/diagnosis , Dementia/drug therapy , Dementia/physiopathology , Diagnosis, Differential , Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/diagnosis , Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/etiology , Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/physiopathology , Encephalitis/physiopathology , Female , Frontal Lobe/physiopathology , Humans , Male , Movement Disorders/diagnosis , Movement Disorders/etiology , Movement Disorders/physiopathology , Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome/etiology , Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome/physiopathology , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
German psychiatrists proposed the extermination of mental patients before Hitler came to power. Then in Nazi Germany, organized psychiatry implemented involuntary eugenical sterilization and euthanasia, ultimately killing up to 100000 German mental patients. The six psychiatric euthanasia centers utilized medical professionals, fake death certificates, gas chambers disguised as showers, and the mass burning of corpses.Psychiatrists from the euthanasia program also participated in the first formalized murders in the concentration camps. Inmates were "diagnosed" on euthanasia forms and sent to the psychiatric euthanasia centers. These facilities later provided the training, personnel and technology for the larger extermination camps.Medical observers from the United States and Germany at the Nuremberg trials concluded that the holocaust might not have taken place without psychiatry. This paper summarizes psychiatric participation in events leading to the holocaust, and analyzes the underlying psychiatric principles that anticipated, encouraged, and paved the way for the Nazi extermination program.
Subject(s)
Psychosurgery/adverse effects , Humans , Legislation, Medical , Research Design/standardsSubject(s)
Freedom , Human Rights , Mental Disorders/psychology , Philosophy , Psychotherapy , Biology , Environment , Humans , Mental Disorders/therapy , Psychiatry , PsychologyABSTRACT
Therapy is applied politics. From hospitalizing a patient to offering psychoanalytic insight, a therapist's every action reflects his own attitudes toward political issues, including individual freedom vs. state control, or capitalism versus socialism. Ultimately every therapy implements some utopian political vision against which the client will measure his own success and failure in the therapy.
