Sources and atmospheric concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals in two Italian towns (Genoa and La Spezia).

The same sampling and analytical methods were used to compare atmospheric pollution due to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals (Tl, Pb, Mn, Fe, Cr, V, Zr, Ni Cd) in two towns in Italy, Genoa and La Spezia, whose populations are 746, 785 and 112,602 respectively. Knowledge of the organic and inorganic composition of airborne particulates permits a reliable identification of the main sources of pollution which is required in order to identify populations at risk. In the urban area of Genoa and in La Spezia, traffic appears to provide a diffuse source of carcinogenic and toxic compounds in the atmosphere producing high and constant exposures to PAHs and lead along busy streets. In Genoa approximately 70,00 people (10% of residents) are considered to be exposed to the highest concentrations of toxic and cancerogenic pollutants emitted from this source. The highest daily PAH concentrations were found in the industrial areas; in Genoa, coke ovens were identified as the main localised sources of these compounds. According to meteorlogical and orographic characteristics for this area, for approximately 25,00 people (3% of the general population) may be exposed to pollutants emitted from this source over a maximum period equivalent to approximately 3 months each year. The highest individual doses of PAHs due to urban pollution inhaled by the population of Genoa and La Spezia were comparable to those produced by high exposure to passive smoke; the exposure to carcinogenic metals (Cr, NI, Cd) was relatively low. The mean concentrations of the analysed pollutants appeared to depend strictly on urban characteristics; no correlations were found with the size of the town.

Seasonal variation of thallium, lead, and chromium concentrations in airborne particulate matter collected in an urban area.

In November 1985 a research program started, with the aim to evaluate seasonal variations in the concentrations of organic and inorganic pollutants in the atmosphere of Genoa. The program provided for the collection of samples of airborne particulate in five different areas with distinct urban characteristics. First results for chromium, lead, and thallium concentrations in an industrial and in an urban area are reported. Lead showed the highest concentration at both locations (geometric mean: 1.037 and 0.476 microgram/m3, respectively) and appeared to be little affected by seasonal variation. Private traffic was confirmed as the main source of this pollutant. Chromium and thallium geometric mean concentrations were 0.006 and 0.014 microgram/m3 in site A and 0.017 and 0.015 microgram/m3 in site B, respectively. In the urban location a good negative linear correlation was found between chromium and thallium concentration and mean ambient temperature; the domestic heating plants were suspected as important emission sources of these two compounds.