Sustainability of and Adherence to Preschool Health Promotion Among Children 9 to 13 Years Old.

BACKGROUND: Long-term evaluations of child health promotion programs are required to assess their sustainability and the need for reintervention. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to explore the long-term impact of a preschool health promotion intervention delivered in an urban low-income area of Colombia (phase 1) and to assess the effect of a new community-based intervention (phase 2). METHODS: In phase 1, a cross-sectional analysis of knowledge, attitudes, and habits (KAH) toward a healthy lifestyle and ideal cardiovascular health (ICH) scores of 1,216 children 9 to 13 years old was performed. Of the total, 596 had previously received a preschool health promotion intervention at 3 to 5 years old, whereas the remaining 620 were not previously intervened (intervention-naive group). In phase 2, all children were cluster randomized 1:1 to receive either a 4-month educational intervention (the SI! Program) to instill healthy behaviors in community centers (24 clusters, 616 children) or to control (24 clusters, 600 children). Previously intervened and intervention-naive children were not mixed in the same cluster. The primary outcomes were the change from baseline in KAH and ICH scores. Intervention effects were tested for with linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS: In phase 1, ∼85% of children had nonideal cardiovascular health, and those who previously received a preschool intervention showed a negligible residual effect compared with intervention-naive children. In phase 2, the between-group (control vs. intervention) differences in the change of the overall KAH and ICH scores were 0.92 points (95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.28 to 2.13; p = 0.133) and -0.20 points (95% CI: -0.43 to 0.03; p = 0.089), respectively. No booster effect was detected. However, a dose-response effect was observed, with maximal benefit in children attending >75% of the scheduled intervention; the difference in the change of KAH between the high- and low-adherence groups was 3.72 points (95% CI: 1.71 to 5.73; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Although overall significant differences between the intervention and control groups were not observed, high adherence rates to health promotion interventions may improve effectiveness and outcomes in children. Reintervention strategies may be required at multiple stages to induce sustained health promotion effects (Salud Integral Colombia [SI! Colombia II]; NCT03119792).

Prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en escolares de un área rural y de una urbana en Colombia / Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in schoolchildren from a rural and urban area in Colombia

Introducción. Los factores de riesgo cardiovascular tienen su origen en la infancia. En diversos estudios, se han registrado diferencias en la prevalencia de tales factores entre las áreas rurales y las urbanas, probablemente asociadas con los estilos de vida. Objetivos. El presente estudio describe los factores de riesgo cardiovascular detectados en niños de una población rural y otra urbana en Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio de corte transversal, entre marzo y junio del 2013, en escolares de un área urbana y de otra rural en Colombia. Se midieron el peso, la talla, la presión arterial, los triglicéridos, la glucemia y el colesterol total en ayunas y se hizo una encuesta sobre la dieta, la actividad física y el tabaquismo pasivo. Asimismo, se evaluaron las prevalencias de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular con un intervalo de confianza (IC) del 95 %. Resultados. Se estudiaron 1.055 escolares, 833 en el área urbana y 222 en el área rural, cuyo promedio de edad fue de 6,71 años. Los factores de riesgo cardiovascular más prevalentes en la población rural y en la urbana fueron el sedentarismo (68,69 % y 90,16 %, respectivamente), una dieta no saludable (97,18 % y 95,44 %), el tabaquismo pasivo (11,16 % y 14,52 %), la obesidad (0 % y 5,64 %), la hipertensión arterial (6,31 % y 11,28 %), la diabetes (0 % y 0 %), y la hipercolesterolemia (18,28 % y 16,31 %). El 99,15 % de la población de estudio presentó, por lo menos, un factor de riesgo con un promedio de 3,14 (desviación estándar, DE=1,12) en el área urbana, y de 2,76 (DE=1,1) en la rural. Los niños con exceso de peso presentaron mayor prevalencia de hipertensión arterial (15,21 %) y de sedentarismo (90,69 %), comparados con aquellos sin exceso de peso, 8,98 % y 84,32 %, respectivamente. Conclusiones. Los resultados evidenciaron una alta prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en niños, mayor en el área urbana. Se requieren estrategias de salud pública adaptadas a la población rural y a la urbana.

Introduction: Cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) have their origin in childhood. Several studies have shown differences in the prevalence of CVRFs between rural and urban areas, probably related to lifestyle behaviors. Objective: To describe the CVRFs identified in children from a rural and urban population in Colombia. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between March and June 2013 in schoolchildren from an urban and a rural area in Colombia. Weight, height, blood pressure, triglycerides, fasting glucose, and total cholesterol were measured, and a survey covering nutrition, physical activity, and passive smoking was applied. The prevalence of CVRFs was calculated with a 95% CI. Results: A total of 1,055 schoolchildren (833 urban, 222 rural) participated; their mean age was 6.71 years. The prevalence of CVRFs in the rural and the urban study population, respectively, was 68.69%/90.16% for sedentary lifestyle, 97.18%/95.44% for unhealthy diet, 11.16%/14.52% for passive smoking, 0%/5.64% for obesity, 6.31%/11.28% for hypertension, 0%/0% for diabetes, and 18.28%/16.31% for total cholesterol. A total of 99.15% of the study population had at least one CVRF, with an average of 3.14 for the urban area (SD:1.12), and of 2.76 for the rural one (SD: 1.1). Overweight children had a higher prevalence of hypertension (15.21%; 95% CI:11.04%-20.59%) and sedentary lifestyle (90.69%), compared to those without this risk factor (8.98% and 84.32%, respectively). Conclusions: Our results showed a high prevalence of CVRFs in children, especially in the urban area. Public health strategies adapted to the rural and urban populations should be implemented.

Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in schoolchildren from a rural and urban area in Colombia / Prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en escolares de un área rural y de una urbana en Colombia

Introduction: Cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) have their origin in childhood. Several studies have shown differences in the prevalence of CVRFs between rural and urban areas, probably related to lifestyle behaviors. Objective: To describe the CVRFs identified in children from a rural and urban population in Colombia. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between March and June 2013 in schoolchildren from an urban and a rural area in Colombia. Weight, height, blood pressure, triglycerides, fasting glucose, and total cholesterol were measured, and a survey covering nutrition, physical activity, and passive smoking was applied. The prevalence of CVRFs was calculated with a 95% CI. Results: A total of 1,055 schoolchildren (833 urban, 222 rural) participated; their mean age was 6.71 years. The prevalence of CVRFs in the rural and the urban study population, respectively, was 68.69%/90.16% for sedentary lifestyle, 97.18%/95.44% for unhealthy diet, 11.16%/14.52% for passive smoking, 0%/5.64% for obesity, 6.31%/11.28% for hypertension, 0%/0% for diabetes, and 18.28%/16.31% for total cholesterol. A total of 99.15% of the study population had at least one CVRF, with an average of 3.14 for the urban area (SD:1.12), and of 2.76 for the rural one (SD: 1.1). Overweight children had a higher prevalence of hypertension (15.21%; 95% CI:11.04%-20.59%) and sedentary lifestyle (90.69%), compared to those without this risk factor (8.98% and 84.32%, respectively). Conclusions: Our results showed a high prevalence of CVRFs in children, especially in the urban area. Public health strategies adapted to the rural and urban populations should be implemented.

Introducción. Los factores de riesgo cardiovascular tienen su origen en la infancia. En diversos estudios, se han registrado diferencias en la prevalencia de tales factores entre las áreas rurales y las urbanas, probablemente asociadas con los estilos de vida.Objetivos. El presente estudio describe los factores de riesgo cardiovascular detectados en niños de una población rural y otra urbana en Colombia.Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio de corte transversal, entre marzo y junio del 2013, en escolares de un área urbana y de otra rural en Colombia. Se midieron el peso, la talla, la presión arterial, los triglicéridos, la glucemia y el colesterol total en ayunas y se hizo una encuesta sobre la dieta, la actividad física y el tabaquismo pasivo. Asimismo, se evaluaron las prevalencias de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular con un intervalo de confianza (IC) del 95 %.Resultados. Se estudiaron 1.055 escolares, 833 en el área urbana y 222 en el área rural, cuyo promedio de edad fue de 6,71 años. Los factores de riesgo cardiovascular más prevalentes en la población rural y en la urbana fueron el sedentarismo (68,69 % y 90,16 %, respectivamente), una dieta no saludable (97,18 % y 95,44 %), el tabaquismo pasivo (11,16 % y 14,52 %), la obesidad (0 % y 5,64 %), la hipertensión arterial (6,31 % y 11,28 %), la diabetes (0 % y 0 %), y la hipercolesterolemia (18,28 % y 16,31 %). El 99,15 % de la población de estudio presentó, por lo menos, un factor de riesgo con un promedio de 3,14 (desviación estándar, DE=1,12) en el área urbana, y de 2,76 (DE=1,1) en la rural. Los niños con exceso de peso presentaron mayor prevalencia de hipertensión arterial (15,21 %) y de sedentarismo (90,69 %), comparados con aquellos sin exceso de peso, 8,98 % y 84,32 %, respectivamente.Conclusiones. Los resultados evidenciaron una alta prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en niños, mayor en el área urbana. Se requieren estrategias de salud pública adaptadas a la población rural y a la urbana.

Comportamientos y factores de riesgo asociados a la enfermedad cardiovascular desde la infancia / Behaviors and factors of risk associated with the cardiovascular disease from the infancy / Comportamentos e fatores de risco associados à doença cardiovascular da infância

Introducción: las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT), y, principalmente, la enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV), representan la primera causa de muerte a escala mundial; tienen sus orígenes durante la infancia y la adolescencia y se encuentran relacionadas con comportamientos y estilos de vida no adecuados. Objetivo: la presente revisión de tema ofrece conceptos actualizados sobre los diferentes comportamientos y factores de riesgo presentes desde la infancia y que llevan al desarrollo de la ECV; adicionalmente, presenta elementos de la epidemiología, planes de reducción en ECV, bases fisiológicas y recomendaciones generales para prevenir el desarrollo de ECV. Método: se hizo una revisión de la literatura en bases de datos electrónicas, entre noviembre de 2017 y enero de 2018, PubMed, Scielo, Science Direct y UpToDate. Se utilizaron términos libres de búsqueda y términos MeSH; se dio prioridad de selección a aquellos relacionados con la población infantil. Se incluyeron datos nacionales obtenidos de las páginas del Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social, del Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS), de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) y del Banco Iberoamericano de Desarrollo (BID). Discusión: para abordar adecuadamente la ECV y sus factores de riesgo, es necesario reconocer el estado actual y el grado de progreso de un país. El desarrollo de intervenciones adecuadas y costo-efectivas permitirá reducir la carga y el impacto de estas enfermedades en el presente y el futuro. Las intervenciones sociales han demostrado ser el camino hacia la promoción de la salud. Conclusiones: la educación en salud desde la infancia parece ser clave en la reducción de patologías crónicas no transmisibles

Background: Chronic non communicable diseases, mainly Cardiovascular Disease (CVD), represent the first cause of death worldwide; it has its origins during childhood and adolescence, and is related to unsuitable behaviors and lifestyles. Aim: The present topic review offers up-to-date concepts about the different behaviors and risk factors present since childhood that lead to the development of cardiovascular disease, additionally, presents elements of epidemiology, reduction plans in cardiovascular disease, physiological bases and general recommendations for the prevention of the cardiovascular disease. Method: A review of the literature was performed between November to January 2018, in electronic databases as PubMed, Scielo, ScienceDirect and UpToDate. Free search terms and MeSH terms were used, giving priority to those related to children. National information were obtained from the page of the Ministerio Nacional de salud y Protección social, del Instituto Nacional de Salud, Organización Panamericana de la Salud and banco Iberoamericano de desarrollo. Discussion: To adequately address CVD and its risk factors, it is necessary to recognize the current status and progress of a country. The development of appropriate and cost-effective interventions will reduce the burden and impact of these diseases in the present and the future. Social interventions have proven to be the path to health promotion. Conclusions: Health education since childhood seems to be the key to reducing non-communicable chronic pathology

Introdução: As doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, principalmente a Doença Cardiovascular (DCV), representam a primeira causa de morte no mundo, têm suas origens na infância e adolescência e estão relacionadas a comportamentos e estilos de vida inadequados. Objetivo: A presente revisão temática oferece conceitos atualizados sobre os diferentes comportamentos e fatores de risco presentes desde a infância que levam ao desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares, além de apresentar elementos de epidemiologia, planos de redução em doenças cardiovasculares, bases fisiológicas e recomendações gerais para a prevenção da doença cardiovascular. Método: Revisão da literatura realizada entre novembro a janeiro de 2018, em bases de dados eletrônicas como PubMed, Scielo, ScienceDirect e UpToDate. Foram utilizados termos de pesquisa gratuitos e termos MeSH, dando prioridade àqueles relacionados a crianças. Informações nacionais foram obtidas da página do Ministério Nacional de Saúde e Proteção Social, do Instituto Nacional de Saúde, da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde e do Banco Ibero-americano de Desenvolvimento. Discussão: Para abordar adequadamente as DCV e seus fatores de risco, é necessário reconhecer o status atual e o progresso de um país. O desenvolvimento de intervenções apropriadas e custo-efetivas reduzirá a carga e o impacto dessas doenças no presente e no futuro. Intervenções sociais provaram ser o caminho para a promoção da saúde. Conclusões: A educação em saúde desde a infância parece ser a chave para reduzir a patologia crônica não transmissível

Colombian reference growth curves for height, weight, body mass index and head circumference.

AIM: Published Growth studies from Latin America are limited to growth references from Argentina and Venezuela. The aim of this study was to construct reference growth curves for height, weight, body mass index (BMI) and head circumference of Colombian children in a format that is useful for following the growth of the individual child and as a tool for public health. METHODS: Prospective measurements from 27 209 Colombian children from middle and upper socio-economic level families were processed using the generalised additive models for location, scale and shape (GAMLSS). RESULTS: Descriptive statistics for length and height, weight, BMI and head circumference for age are given as raw and smoothed values. Final height was 172.3 cm for boys and 159.4 cm for girls. Weight at 18 years of age was 64.0 kg for boys and 54 kg for girls. Growth curves are presented in a ± 3 SD format using logarithmic axes. CONCLUSION: The constructed reference growth curves are a start for following secular trends in Colombia and are also in the presented layout an optimal clinical tool for health care.

[High prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors in a pediatric population]. / Prevalencia elevada de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en una población pediátrica.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular disease risk factors begin in childhood. Their presence may predict cardiovascular disease in adulthood. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors in a group of nurses´ children at a health facility in Bogotá, Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional, population-based observational study among 3-17 year-old individuals evaluated between June, 2011, and July, 2012. RESULTS: A total number of 118 children were included. The mean age was 7.4 years, with a standard deviation of 3.86; 72.0% of the children had a normal weight. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was distributed as follows: inadequate food habits, 89.0%; sedentary lifestyle, 78.8%; family history of cardiovascular disease, 16.1%; overweight, 15.3%, and obesity, 12.7%. There were no significant differences in risk factors between boys and girls. Among overweight and obese children, sedentary lifestyle was present in 90.9%, and among normal-weight children, in 36.5% (p<0.001). Inadequate food habits were present in 84.8% of the overweight and obese children, and in 42.4% of those with normal weight (p<0.001). Among the study population, 97.5% had at least one risk factor and 42.4% presented 3 or more. The presence of 3 or more cardiovascular disease risk factors was higher in obese children, when compared to overweight (p<0.001) and normal-weight children (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that there was a substantial burden of cardiovascular disease risk factors in the 3-17 year-old children included, particularly in those who were obese or overweight.

Prevalencia elevada de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en una población pediátrica / High prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors in a pediatric population

Introducción. Los factores de riesgo cardiovascular pueden presentarse desde la infancia y predecir la enfermedad cardiovascular del adulto. Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular de un grupo de niños, hijos de enfermeras de una institución de salud de Bogotá, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio de corte transversal en niños entre 3 y 17 años de edad, evaluados entre junio de 2011 y julio de 2012. Resultados. Participaron 118 niños, con una edad promedio de 7,4 años (desviación estándar=3,86), la mayoría de ellos eutróficos (72,0 %). Los niños presentaban los siguientes factores de riesgo para enfermedad cardiovascular: malos hábitos alimenticios (89,0 %), sedentarismo (78,8 %), exposición al tabaco (19,5 %), historia familiar de riesgo cardiovascular (16,1 %), sobrepeso (15,3 %) y obesidad (12,7 %). No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los factores de riesgo según sexo. El sedentarismo en niños con sobrepeso u obesidad fue de 90,9 % y en niños eutróficos, de 36,5 %, (p<0,001). En 84,8 % de los niños con sobrepeso u obesidad y en 42,4 % de los eutróficos, se presentaron malos hábitos alimentarios (p<0,001). El 97,5 % de los niños presentó, al menos, un factor de riesgo, y el 42,4 %, tres o más. La presencia de tres o más factores fue más frecuente en los obesos que en aquellos con sobrepeso (p<0,001) y en los eutróficos (p<0,001). Conclusiones. Los resultados indican que los niños de 3 a 17 años incluidos en el estudio, presentaban varios factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular, en especial, aquellos con sobrepeso y obesidad.

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease risk factors begin in childhood. Their presence may predict cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Objective: To determine the prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors in a group of nurses´ children at a health facility in Bogotá, Colombia. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional, population-based observational study among 3-17 year-old individuals evaluated between June, 2011, and July, 2012. Results: A total number of 118 children were included. The mean age was 7.4 years, with a standard deviation of 3.86; 72.0% of the children had a normal weight. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was distributed as follows: inadequate food habits, 89.0%; sedentary lifestyle, 78.8%; family history of cardiovascular disease, 16.1%; overweight, 15.3%, and obesity, 12.7%. There were no significant differences in risk factors between boys and girls. Among overweight and obese children, sedentary lifestyle was present in 90.9%, and among normal-weight children, in 36.5% (p<0.001). Inadequate food habits were present in 84.8% of the overweight and obese children, and in 42.4% of those with normal weight (p<0.001). Among the study population, 97.5% had at least one risk factor and 42.4% presented 3 or more. The presence of 3 or more cardiovascular disease risk factors was higher in obese children, when compared to overweight (p<0.001) and normal-weight children (p<0.001). Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that there was a substantial burden of cardiovascular disease risk factors in the 3-17 year-old children included, particularly in those who were obese or overweight.

Promotion of cardiovascular health in preschool children: 36-month cohort follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Educational interventions in preschool children could improve dietary behavior and physical activity, and prevent unhealthy body weights in low- and middle-income countries. Previously, we have reported the beneficial impact of an educational intervention in preschoolers in a 6-month trial. We now report extended results after 36 months. METHODS: Evaluating the cohort of previously intervened children, baseline measurements were made in May 2009 in 14 preschool facilities in Usaquén (Bogotá, Colombia). Follow-up measurements were performed at 18 and 36 months. The primary outcome was the mean change in children's knowledge and attitudes scores regarding healthy eating and living an active lifestyle, including habits scores related to physical activity. Secondary outcomes were the change over time of children's nutritional status and the mean change in parent's knowledge, attitudes, and habits. RESULTS: We included 1216 children, 3-5 years of age, and 928 parents. After adjusting by sex and age of children, socioeconomic status, age of parents, and age and education level of teachers, we found a significant increase in mean knowledge, attitudes, and habits scores at 36 months, compared with baseline: 87.94 vs 76.15 (P <.001); 86.39 vs 57.03 (P <.001); and 66.29 vs 48.72 (P <.001), respectively. We observed a similar increase in knowledge and attitude scores in parents: 73.45 vs 70.01 (P <.001); and 78.08 vs 74.65 (P <.001). The proportion of eutrophic children increased from 62.1% at baseline to 75.0% at 36 months (P <.0001). CONCLUSIONS: After 36 months, the educational intervention maintained a beneficial trend toward a healthy lifestyle in children and their parents.

Targeting preschool children to promote cardiovascular health: cluster randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: School programs can be effective in modifying knowledge, attitudes, and habits relevant to long-term risk of chronic diseases associated with sedentary lifestyles. As part of a long-term research strategy, we conducted an educational intervention in preschool facilities to assess changes in preschoolers' knowledge, attitudes, and habits toward healthy eating and living an active lifestyle. METHODS: Using a cluster design, we randomly assigned 14 preschool facilities in Bogotá, Colombia to a 5-month educational and playful intervention (7 preschool facilities ) or to usual curriculum (7 preschool facilities ). A total of 1216 children aged 3-5 years, 928 parents, and 120 teachers participated. A structured survey was used at baseline, at the end of the study, and 12 months later to evaluate changes in knowledge, attitudes, and habits. RESULTS: Children in the intervention group showed a 10.9% increase in weighted score, compared with 5.3% in controls. The absolute adjusted difference was 3.90 units (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.64-6.16; P <.001). Among parents, the equivalent statistics were 8.9% and 3.1%, respectively (absolute difference 4.08 units; 95% CI, 2.03 to 6.12; P <.001), and among teachers, 9.4% and 2.5%, respectively (absolute difference 5.36 units; 95% CI, -0.29-11.01; P = .06). In the intervened cohort 1 year after the intervention, children still showed a significant increase in weighted score (absolute difference of 6.38 units; P <.001). CONCLUSIONS: A preschool-based intervention aimed at improving knowledge, attitudes, and habits related to healthy diet and active lifestyle is feasible, efficacious, and sustainable in very young children.

Factores de riesgo cardiovascular y de enfermedades crónicas en población caficultora / Risk factors for cardiovascular and chronic diseases in a coffee-growing population

Objetivos: Estimar la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular y de enfermedades crónicas en población caficultora colombiana. Métodos: Estudio transversal, entre febrero y noviembre de 2007. Muestreo multietápico y por conglomerados, 55 veredas de 13 municipios, 2 516 encuestas. Cuestionarios recomendados por OPS, mediciones antropométricas y bioquímicas. Análisis descriptivos univariados y bivariados, IC95%, pruebas de significan-cia, comparación con estudios previos. Resultados: La prevalencia de fumadores actuales fue 21,1 % (IC95%: 19,2-23,3), sedentarismo 31,2 % (IC95%: 27,8-32,6), personas que consumen al día menos de 5 porciones entre frutas y verduras 86,3 % (IC95%: 84,4-87,9), consumo eleva-do de alcohol 2,2 % (IC95%: 1,6-3,2), hipertensión arterial 26,2 % (IC95%: 23,9-28,6), diabetes 4,6 % (IC95%: 3,6-5,8), hiperlipidemia 62,1 % (IC95%: 59,5-64,7), sobrepeso y obesidad 42,9 % (IC95%: 40,4-45,5). El 85 % tenían al menos 2 o más factores de riesgo simultáneamente. Sedentarismo, diabetes, hiperlipidemia y sobrepeso/obesidad fue mayor en mujeres (p<0,001). Consumo de alcohol y taba-quismo fue mayor en hombres (p<0,001). Edad, estado civil, educación, ingresos y sistema de salud estuvieron relacionados con los factores de riesgo estudiados. Conclusiones: Se aportan nuevos conocimientos a la escasa información disponi-ble en poblaciones rurales latinoamericanas. En comparación con el segundo es-tudio nacional de factores de riesgo de enfermedades crónicas (ENFREC II) no se encontraron avances importantes en disminución de la prevalencia de factores de riesgo. Se requieren estudios adicionales para profundizar en los determinantes sociales y de los sistemas de salud, que expliquen los hallazgos de este estudio.

Objectives: Estimating the prevalence of cardiovascular and chronic disease risk factors in a Colombian coffee-growing population. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out from February to November 2007. Multistage conglomerate sampling of 55 rural areas in 13 municipalities led to 516 people being surveyed. The questionnaires used were recommended by PAHO (anthropometric and biochemical measurements). The resulting data was subjected to univariate and bivariate descriptive analysis using 95 % CI, significan-ce tests and comparison with previous studies. Results: There was 21.1 % (19.2-23.3 95 %CI) current smoker prevalence, 31.2 % sedentarism (27.8-32.6 95 % CI), 86.3 % people consumed less than 5 portions of fruit and vegetables per day (84.4-87.9 95 % CI), 2.2 % had high alcohol con-sumption level (1.6-3.2 95 %CI), 26.2 % suffered from hypertension (23.9-28.6 95 % CI), 4.6 % diabetes (3.6-5.8 95 % CI), 62.1 % hyperlipidaemia (59.5-64.7 95 % CI) and 42.9 % (40.4-45.5 95 % CI) were overweight or obese. 85 % had at least 2 or more risk factors simultaneously. Sedentarism, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia and being overweight /obese was greater in females (p<0.001). Alcohol consumption and smoking were greater in males (p<0.001). Age, civil state, education, income and health system were related to the risk factors being studied. Conclusions: The study provided fresh knowledge concerning the lack of available information regarding rural Latin-American populations. Compared to the second Colombian study of chronic disease risk factors (ENFREC II), no important ad-vances were found regarding a reduction of the prevalence of risk factors. Further studies are required for going deeper into social determinants and health systems explaining this study's findings.

[Risk factors for cardiovascular and chronic diseases in a coffee-growing population]. / Factores de riesgo cardiovascular y de enfermedades crónicas en población caficultora.

OBJECTIVES: Estimating the prevalence of cardiovascular and chronic disease risk factors in a Colombian coffee-growing population. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out from February to November 2007. Multistage conglomerate sampling of 55 rural areas in 13 municipalities led to 516 people being surveyed. The questionnaires used were recommended by PAHO (anthropometric and biochemical measurements). The resulting data was subjected to univariate and bivariate descriptive analysis using 95 % CI, significance tests and comparison with previous studies. RESULTS: There was 21.1 % (19.2-23.3 95 %CI) current smoker prevalence, 31.2 % sedentarism (27.8-32.6 95 % CI), 86.3 % people consumed less than 5 portions of fruit and vegetables per day (84.4-87.9 95 % CI), 2.2 % had high alcohol consumption level (1.6-3.2 95 %CI), 26.2 % suffered from hypertension (23.9-28.6 95 % CI), 4.6 % diabetes (3.6-5.8 95 % CI), 62.1 % hyperlipidaemia (59.5-64.7 95 % CI) and 42.9 % (40.4-45.5 95 % CI) were overweight or obese. 85 % had at least 2 or more risk factors simultaneously. Sedentarism, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia and being overweight /obese was greater in females (p<0.001). Alcohol consumption and smoking were greater in males (p<0.001). Age, civil state, education, income and health system were related to the risk factors being studied. CONCLUSIONS: The study provided fresh knowledge concerning the lack of available information regarding rural Latin-American populations. Compared to the second Colombian study of chronic disease risk factors (ENFREC II), no important advances were found regarding a reduction of the prevalence of risk factors. Further studies are required for going deeper into social determinants and health systems explaining this study's findings.

Fibrosis quística

La fibrosis quística es una enfermedad que se hereda de forma autosómica recesiva; se caracteriza por anormalidad en el trasporte de electrolitos por parte de las células epiteliales a nivel sistémico y en especial en glándulas exocrinas. Para su diagnóstico se requiere la sospecha clínica, antecedente familiar, iontoforesis con valores mayores 60mq/L. El tratamiento integral busca mejorar la calidad de vida de estos pacientes. A continuación se presenta un caso atendido en el Servicio de Neumología del Hospital de La Misericordia.