A Single Hospital-Wide Antibiogram is Insufficient to Account for Differences in Antibiotic Resistance Patterns Across Multiple ICUs.

BACKGROUND: Infection is a common cause of mortality within intensive care units (ICUs). Antibiotic resistance patterns and culture data are used to create antibiograms. Knowledge of antibiograms facilitates guiding empiric therapies and reduces mortality. Most major hospitals utilize data collection to create hospital-wide antibiograms. Previous studies have shown significant differences in susceptibility patterns between hospital wards and ICUs. We hypothesize that institutional or combined ICU antibiograms are inadequate to account for differences in susceptibility for patients in individual ICUs. METHODS: Culture and susceptibility data were reviewed over a 1-year period for 13 bacteria in the following ICUs: Surgical/Trauma, Medical, Neuroscience, Burn, and Emergency department. Antibiotic management decisions are made by individual teams. RESULTS: Nine species had sufficient data for inclusion into an All-ICU antibiogram. E coli and S aureus were the most common isolates. Seven species had significant differences in susceptibility patterns between ICUs. E cloacae showed higher rates of resistance to multiple antibiotics in the STICU than other ICUs. P aeruginosa susceptibility rates in the NSICU and BICU were 88% and 92%, respectively, compared to 60% and 55% in the STICU and MICU. Cephalosporins and Aztreonam had reduced efficacy against E coli in the NSICU, however remain effective in other ICUs. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show that different ICUs do have variability in antibiotic susceptibility patterns within a single hospital. While this only represents a single institution, it shows that the use of hospital-wide antibiograms is inadequate for creating empiric antibiotic protocols within individual ICUs.

Diabetes in Trauma Patients: A Potential Gateway to a Medical Home.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes is a major determinant of health outcomes. Trauma patients are disproportionately from lower socioeconomic status, where lack of access to health care prevents timely treatment. Trauma centers could play a role in identifying patients in need of improved glucose management, but the current burden of disease is not known. We assessed the incidence of patients in need of intervention that presented to a level 1 trauma center over a 6-month period. METHODS: A retrospective chart review over 6 months of all trauma patients admitted to a level 1 trauma center was performed. Patients' past medical history (PMH), medication reconciliation, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were recorded on initial assessment; patients <18 years old, lacking an HbA1c, or missing PMH were excluded. Patients with PMH of diabetes or antihyperglycemic use were classified by HbA1c: well-controlled ≤8.0% or poorly controlled >8.0%. Patients with no history of diabetes or antihyperglycemic use were classified based on their HbA1c: non-diabetic <5.7%, pre-diabetic 5.7-6.4%, and undiagnosed diabetic ≥6.5%. RESULTS: Overall, 1377 patients were identified. After exclusion criteria, 903 patients were classified as follows: 593 (66%) non-diabetics, 160 (18%) pre-diabetics, and 150 (17%) diabetics. Fifteen diabetics were undiagnosed; 39 of the diagnosed diabetics were poorly controlled. Including pre-diabetics, a total of 214 (24%) trauma patients were in need of improved glycemic control. DISCUSSION: One in four trauma patients would benefit from improved outpatient glycemic management, representing a missed opportunity for preventative health care. Trauma centers should develop strategies to meet this need as part of their post-discharge care.

Admission Medication Reconciliation Discrepancies in Trauma Patients: Consistent Nursing Care May Not Be the Answer.

Inadvertent medication reconciliation discrepancies are common among trauma patient populations. We conducted a prospective study at a level 1 trauma center to assess incidence of inadvertent medication reconciliation discrepancies following decreased reliance on short-term nursing staff. Patients and independent sources were interviewed for home medication lists and compared to admission medication reconciliation (AMR) lists. Of the 108 patients included, 37 patients (34%) never received an AMR. Of the 71 patients that had a completed AMR, 42 patients (59%) had one or more errors, with total 154 errors across all patients, for a rate of 3.7 per patient with any discrepancy. Patients taking ≥ 5 medications were significantly more likely to have an incomplete or inaccurate AMR than those taking <5 medications (89% vs 41%, P < .0001). Decreased reliance on short-term nursing staff did not decrease inadvertent admission medication reconciliation discrepancies. Additional interventions to decrease risk of medication administration errors are needed.

Monotherapy Antibiotic Prophylaxis of Lower Extremity Long Bone Type III Open Fractures.

Gustilo type III open fractures involve extensive soft tissue damage and wound contamination that pose significant infection risks. The historical standard for antibiotic prophylaxis has been cefazolin and gentamicin. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of lower extremity type III open fractures treated with ceftriaxone alone for prophylaxis. Eighty-six patients were identified. Nearly all (98%) were managed with appropriate antibiotics, but only 55 (64%) received prophylaxis within 1 hour. Overall, there were 12 infections. This infection rate was not statistically different than the reported literature (14% vs 19%, P = .20). The infection rate between those who received antibiotics within 1 hour was not statistically different from those who got it beyond 1 hour (15% vs 13%, P = .98). In conclusion, the use of ceftriaxone as monotherapy for antibiotic prophylaxis in lower extremity type III open fractures is not statistically different than the use of historic prophylactic regimens.

Use of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve blocks by landmark technique is ineffective in decreasing narcotic usage after skin grafts: A retrospective case-control study.

INTRODUCTION: Cutaneous burns are commonly treated with autologous skin grafts. Following skin grafting, many patients complain of pain at the donor site. Donor sites are taken most commonly from the lateral thigh, which is innervated by the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN). Use of a LFCN blocks should decrease nociception from the donor site. METHODS: Our group began utilizing LFCN blocks in 2019. Utilizing anatomic landmarks, LFCN blocks were performed on all patients who received autologous skin grafts to reduce perioperative pain. A retrospective cohort study was performed on all patients with 10% or less total body surface areas burns who received an autologous skin graft. A similar cohort from 2016, prior to use of any local or regional analgesia, was used as a historical control. Post-operative enteral and parenteral narcotic analgesics were collected for each post-operative day up to day 5 or discharge (whichever came first) and converted to morphine milligram equivalents (MME) to quantify analgesia after surgery. RESULTS: Chart review identified 55 patients in the 2020 cohort. Fifty-five patients from the 2016 cohort were matched based upon size of skin graft, total body surface area (TBSA) burned, gender, and age. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of size of graft, TBSA burned, age, gender, or type of burn. When examining narcotics usage in the immediate perioperative period (days 0-2), we found no difference between the two groups for total MME (113 vs 133, p = 0.28) or IV MME (38 vs 33, p = 0.45). Similar relationships existed in the extended post-operative period (days 1-5) for total MME (149 vs. 188, t = 0.22) or IV MME (37 vs. 50, t = 0.25). Examining daily narcotic usage also yielded no statistically different values. CONCLUSION: Our data shows that use of LFCN block by landmark technique did not reduce narcotic usage in patients that undergo skin grafting procedures. Future studies should consider ultrasound-guided LFCN blocks.

Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Trauma Population in a Level 1 Trauma Center.

In this study, we evaluated the effects of the pandemic on our trauma population. We performed a retrospective review of the trauma registry in the 2 years prior, and then 2 years during the pandemic. We evaluated age, race, gender, injury severity score (ISS), mechanism of trauma, rate of self-inflicted injury, rate of gunshot wounds (GSW), presence of EtOH, drug screen results, mortality, rate of burn traumas, and zip code of residence. Our query captured 5 054 patients before, and 5 731 during the pandemic. We found no statistical difference in age, gender, mechanism of trauma, rate of self-inflicted injuries, and mortality during the pandemic when compared to before. There were statistically significant differences in race, ISS, rate of GSWs, EtOH use, drug screen results, and burn traumas. Geospatial mapping found a rise in GSWs for zip code 36606. Gun violence and substance use rose in our trauma population during COVID-19.

A Multidisciplinary Approach for the Management of Portal Vein Thrombosis.

Portal venous thrombosis (PVT) is an uncommon disease associated with highly morbid conditions such as intestinal ischemia and portal hypertension. Patients at higher risk of developing PVT include those with cirrhosis, malignancy, or prothrombotic states. The mainstay of treatment is early initiation of anticoagulation. The first case is a 49-year-old female diagnosed with a cecal mass and PVT. She was started on anticoagulation and underwent a right hemicolectomy with several small bowel resections. She developed portal hypertension that required TIPS and mechanical thrombectomy. The second patient is a 65-year-old female found to have PVT. She was anticoagulated with heparin and given systemic TPA. She developed intestinal ischemia and portal hypertension requiring small bowel resection, TIPS, and mechanical thrombectomy. These cases give insight into the impact of a multidisciplinary team approach to PVT. The role and timing of endovascular treatment is not well established and needs to be further investigated.

Identifying Radiographic and Clinical Indicators to Reduce the Occurrence of Nontherapeutic Laparotomy for Blunt Bowel and Mesenteric Injury.

BACKGROUND: Roughly 5% of patients with blunt abdominal trauma (BAT) have a blunt bowel and/or mesenteric injury (BBMI). Determining the need for operative management in these patients can be challenging when hemodynamically stable. Single center studies have proposed scoring systems based on CT findings to guide management. Our study aimed to determine the predictability of abdominopelvic CT scan (CT A/P) findings in conjunction with clinical exam to determine the necessity of operative intervention for BBMI. METHODS: Patients presenting from 2017 to 2022 to the University of South Alabama Level 1 Trauma Center after motor vehicle collision were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with CT findings suggestive of BBMI were further analyzed, noting CT findings, Glasgow coma scale (GCS), shock index, abdominal exam, operative or nonoperative management, and intraoperative intervention. RESULTS: 1098 patients with BAT underwent CT A/P. 139 patients had ≥1 finding suggestive of BBMI. 38 patients underwent surgical exploration and 30 had surgically confirmed BBMI. 27 patients required intervention for BBMI. Univariate analysis indicated that pneumoperitoneum (p < 0.0001), active extravasation of contrast (p = 0.0001), hemoperitoneum without solid organ injury (SOI) (p < 0.0001), peritonitis (p < 0.0001), and mesenteric stranding(p < 0.05) were significantly associated with intervention. CONCLUSION: In total, 30 patients had surgically confirmed BBMI. Active extravasation, pneumoperitoneum, hemoperitoneum without SOI, mesenteric stranding, and peritonitis were significant indicators of BBMI requiring intervention. CT and clinical findings cannot reliably predict the need for surgical intervention without ≥1 of these findings. Initial nonoperative management with serial clinical exams should be strongly considered to reduce incidence of nontherapeutic laparotomies.

Aortic Injury From High-Speed Deceleration Against a Lap Belt in a 10-year-Old.

Traumatic aortic injuries in children and adolescents are rare, and even more rare are blunt traumatic injury to the abdominal aorta in this population. Therefore, there are few reports discussing the presentation and repair of such injuries, especially within the pediatric population. We report the successful repair of traumatic abdominal aortic transection in a 10-year-old female after a high speed MVC. She arrived in extremis with a seatbelt sign and was taken emergently for damage control laparotomy with subsequent postoperative CT findings of aortic transection/dissection at L3 with active extravasation. She immediately underwent open thrombectomy of the bilateral iliac arteries, and repair of her aortic injury with a 12 × 7 mm Hemashield interposition graft extending just distal to the IMA and 1 cm proximal to the aortic bifurcation. There are little data regarding long-term outcomes of pediatric patients undergoing different aortic repair techniques, and further research is needed.

Treatment of Chronic Hypertrophic Burn Scars With a Fractional CO 2 Laser Is Well Tolerated in an Outpatient Clinic Setting.

INTRODUCTION: The necessity of treating hypertrophic burn scars has expanded significantly with increased burn survivorship. Ablative lasers, such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) lasers, have been the most common nonoperative option for improving functional outcomes in severe recalcitrant hypertrophic burn scars. However, the overwhelming majority of ablative lasers used for this indication require a combination of systemic analgesia, sedation, and/or general anesthesia due to the painful nature of the procedure. More recently, the technology of ablative lasers has advanced and is more tolerable than their first-generation counterparts. Herein, we hypothesized that refractory hypertrophic burn scars can be treated by a CO 2 laser in an outpatient clinic. METHODS: We enrolled 17 consecutive patients with chronic hypertrophic burn scars that were treated with a CO 2 laser. All patients were treated in the outpatient clinic with a combination of a topical solution (23% lidocaine and 7% tetracaine) applied to the scar 30 minutes before the procedure, Cryo 6 air chiller by Zimmer, and some patients received a mixture of N 2 O/O 2 . Laser treatments were repeated every 4 to 8 weeks until the patient's goals were met. Each patient completed a standardized questionnaire to assess tolerability and patient satisfaction of functional results. RESULTS: All patients tolerated the laser well in the outpatient clinic setting, with 0% indicating "not tolerable," 70.6% "tolerable," and 29.4% "very tolerable." Each patient received more than 1 laser treatment for the following complaints: decreased range of motion (n = 16, 94.1%), pain (n = 11, 64.7%), or pruritis (n = 12, 70.6%). Patients were also satisfied with the results of the laser treatments ("no improvement or worsened" = 0%, "improved" = 47.1%, and "significant improvement" = 52.9%). The age of patient, type of burn, location of burn, presence of skin graft, or age of scar did not significantly affect the tolerability of treatment or satisfaction of outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The treatment of chronic hypertrophic burn scars with a CO 2 laser is well tolerated in an outpatient clinic setting in select patients. Patients reported a high level of satisfaction with notable improvement in functional and cosmetic outcomes.

Blunt Cerebrovascular Injury (BCVI) Management: Is There a Right Answer?

Blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI) results from blunt trauma causing injury to the carotid and/or vertebral arteries. Its most severe manifestation is stroke. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence, management, and outcomes of BCVI at a level one trauma/stroke center. Data on patients diagnosed with BCVI from 2016 to 2021 were extracted from the USA Health trauma registry with associated intervention performed and patient outcomes. Of the 97 patients identified, 16.5% presented with stroke-like symptoms (SS). Medical management was employed for 75%. Intravascular stent alone was utilized for 18.8%. The mean age of symptomatic BCVI patients was 37.6 with a mean injury severity score (ISS) of 38.2. Within the asymptomatic population, 58% received medical management and 3.7% underwent combination therapy. The mean age of asymptomatic BCVI patients was 46.9 with a mean ISS of 20.3. There were 6 mortalities, only one BCVI related.

Incidence and Severity of Medication Reconciliation Discrepancies in Trauma Patients.

Trauma patients are especially vulnerable to inadvertent medication reconciliation discrepancies. We conducted a prospective study to evaluate the USA Health University Hospital's incidence and type of inadvertent medication reconciliation discrepancies among trauma patients. Patients were interviewed for accuracy of their admission medication reconciliation (AMR). Eighty-nine patients were included in this study. Twenty-six patients (29%) never received an AMR. There were 107 inadvertent medication reconciliation errors identified from 30 separate patients (48%), for a rate of 3.6 errors per patient with any error. There was a significant difference in the frequency of inadvertent medication reconciliation discrepancies for patients with >5 medication compared to those with fewer (P = .00029). In conclusion, trauma centers must be adequately staffed to provide timely, accurate, and available medication lists so that patients can be appropriately cared for.

Social Determinants of Health Impact Physical Recovery After Blunt Injury.

As defined by the United States Department of Health and Human Services, the Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) are conditions in the environment that affect health function and outcomes. The SDOH are divided into the following categories: economic stability, education access and quality, health care access and quality, neighborhood and built environment, and social and community content. It is known that SDOH impact long-term health outcomes. The influence that SDOH have on physical recovery after acute injury is less understood, however. In this study, patients who suffered a traumatic blunt injury completed a survey 12-14 months post-injury to assess their SDOH and physical health before and after their injury. The results showed that for the cohort of patients studied SDOH was the greatest predictor of long-term recovery, having a stronger correlation with recovery than injury severity score (ISS) or hospital length of stay (HLOS).

Incidence and Outcomes of Undiagnosed and Untreated Diabetes Mellitus in Trauma Patients.

Diabetes is a major determinate for mortality in trauma patients. Many diabetics are undiagnosed or poorly controlled. Trauma patients disproportionately come from lower socioeconomic status, making missed diagnoses more likely. We aimed to quantify the incidence of undiagnosed or poorly controlled diabetics assessed at a Level 1 Trauma Center. We did a retrospective chart review of admitted trauma patients over a one-month period. Past Medical History, home medication lists, and Hemoglobin A1c on admission were recorded for each patient. We determined that 30 of 173 trauma patients qualifying for the study were diabetic. Furthermore, 30% of these diabetics were undiagnosed or had poorly controlled diabetes. Undiagnosed pre-diabetics made up 20% of the entire study group. Our data show that 26% of trauma patients would benefit from an intervention for improved glucose control. Trauma centers should consider creating routine clinical practice guidelines to identify at-risk patients and provide intervention for long-term management.

Unexpected Diaphragmatic Hernia Among Patients Undergoing Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery for Internal Fixation of Rib Fractures.

Traumatic blunt diaphragm injuries are a diagnostic challenge in trauma. They may be missed due to the increasing trend of non-operative management of patients. The purpose of this study was to review the rate of occult blunt diaphragm injuries in patients who underwent video assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) for rib fixation. This retrospective study included patients that received VATS as part of our institutional protocol for rib fracture management. This includes utilizing incentive spirometry, multimodal analgesia, and early consideration for VATS. Data was abstracted from the electronic medical record and included demographics, operative findings, and outcomes. Thirty patients received VATS per our rib fracture protocol. No patients had any identified diaphragm injury on pre-operative imaging. A concomitant diaphragm injury was identified in 20% (6/30) of the study population. All patients were alive at 30 days. For all patients, total hospital length of stay was 14.5 days, ICU length of stay was 8.9 days, and average ventilator days was 4.2 days. When comparing patients with and without concomitant diaphragm injuries, hospital length of stay was 16.8 days vs. 14.5 (P = 0.59), ICU length of stay was 11.8 days vs. 8.2 (P = 0.54), and ventilator days was 4.5 days vs. 4.2 (P = 0.93). This study revealed that 20% of patients undergoing VATS for rib fracture fixation had a concomitant diaphragm injury. This higher-than-expected prevalence suggests that groups of patients sustaining blunt trauma may have occult diaphragmatic injuries that are otherwise unidentified. This raises the need for improved diagnostic modalities to identify these injuries.

Intraoperative liposomal bupivacaine for skin graft donor site analgesia: A retrospective cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: Burn injury and reconstructive operations often result in severe pain, particularly at skin graft donor sites. Traditional local anesthetics administered intraoperatively control pain at donor sites, but the duration of action is short. Liposomal bupivacaine, a novel local anesthetic, can provide sustained-release analgesia for 72h. The primary aim of this study was to describe the efficacy of liposomal bupivacaine for postoperative donor site pain control for patients undergoing skin graft procedures. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed on patients who received a donor site liposomal bupivacaine field block and was compared to a matched control. Patients rated donor site pain on post-operative day 0 and 1, and stated whether the donor or graft site was more painful. RESULTS: Fifty-eight patients were included. Twenty-nine patients received liposomal bupivacaine. Eighty-six percent of patients in the treatment group rated donor site pain as three or less on postoperative day 0 and 1, compared to 3.4% in the control (p<0.0001). Also, 76% of patients in the treatment group stated donor site pain was less than graft site pain, compared to 3.4% in the control (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: Patients who received liposomal bupivacaine reported less postoperative donor site pain and found the donor site to be less bothersome without major complications. Liposomal bupivacaine may be a safe and promising agent for prolonging postoperative analgesia and minimizing donor site pain.

Characterisation of aggregates of cyclodextrin-drug complexes using Taylor Dispersion Analysis.

There is a need to understand the nature of aggregation of cyclodextrins (CDs) with guest molecules in increasingly complex formulation systems. To this end an innovative application of Taylor dispersion analysis (TDA) and comparison with dynamic light scattering (DLS) have been carried out to probe the nature of ICT01-2588 (ICT-2588), a novel tumor-targeted vascular disrupting agent, in solvents including a potential buffered formulation containing 10% hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin. The two hydrodynamic sizing techniques give measurement responses are that fundamentally different for aggregated solutions containing the target molecule, and the benefits of using TDA in conjunction with DLS are that systems are characterised through measurement of both mass- and z-average hydrodynamic radii. Whereas DLS measurements primarily resolve the large aggregates of ICT01-2588 in its formulation medium, methodology for TDA is described to determine the size and notably to quantify the proportion of monomers in the presence of large aggregates, and at the same time measure the formulation viscosity. Interestingly TDA and DLS have also distinguished between aggregate profiles formed using HP-ß-CD samples from different suppliers. The approach is expected to be widely applicable to this important class of drug formulations where drug solubility is enhanced by cyclodextrin and other excipients.

High-fat diet and FGF21 cooperatively promote aerobic thermogenesis in mtDNA mutator mice.

Mitochondria are highly adaptable organelles that can facilitate communication between tissues to meet the energetic demands of the organism. However, the mechanisms by which mitochondria can nonautonomously relay stress signals remain poorly understood. Here we report that mitochondrial mutations in the young, preprogeroid polymerase gamma mutator (POLG) mouse produce a metabolic state of starvation. As a result, these mice exhibit signs of metabolic imbalance including thermogenic defects in brown adipose tissue (BAT). An unexpected benefit of this adaptive response is the complete resistance to diet-induced obesity when POLG mice are placed on a high-fat diet (HFD). Paradoxically, HFD further increases oxygen consumption in part by inducing thermogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis in BAT along with enhanced expression of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). Collectively, these findings identify a mechanistic link between FGF21, a long-known marker of mitochondrial disease, and systemic metabolic adaptation in response to mitochondrial stress.

A high resolution case study of a patient with recurrent Plasmodium vivax infections shows that relapses were caused by meiotic siblings.

Plasmodium vivax infects a hundred million people annually and endangers 40% of the world's population. Unlike Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax parasites can persist as a dormant stage in the liver, known as the hypnozoite, and these dormant forms can cause malaria relapses months or years after the initial mosquito bite. Here we analyze whole genome sequencing data from parasites in the blood of a patient who experienced consecutive P. vivax relapses over 33 months in a non-endemic country. By analyzing patterns of identity, read coverage, and the presence or absence of minor alleles in the initial polyclonal and subsequent monoclonal infections, we show that the parasites in the three infections are likely meiotic siblings. We infer that these siblings are descended from a single tetrad-like form that developed in the infecting mosquito midgut shortly after fertilization. In this natural cross we find the recombination rate for P. vivax to be 10 kb per centimorgan and we further observe areas of disequilibrium surrounding major drug resistance genes. Our data provide new strategies for studying multiclonal infections, which are common in all types of infectious diseases, and for distinguishing P. vivax relapses from reinfections in malaria endemic regions. This work provides a theoretical foundation for studies that aim to determine if new or existing drugs can provide a radical cure of P. vivax malaria.