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1.
J Genet Psychol ; 182(1): 31-46, 2021.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33148137

ABSTRACT

In two experiments, we examined younger and older participants' appraisals of memory failures in fictitious characters portrayed as younger (in their 20's to 30's) or older (in their 60's to 70's) adults. Participants read vignettes where forgetful behavior had minor or more severe consequences for the target character (Experiment 1) or for the character and others in the social environment (Experiment 2). Participants rated potential causes of the forgetfulness and opinions concerning the target character's cognitive health. In Experiment 1, an age-based double standard was observed, where both age groups rated ability as a cause of forgetting more often for older than younger characters. Ratings of forgetfulness as a sign of mental difficulty, need for memory training, and professional evaluation were also higher for older compared to younger characters. In Experiment 2, the Attribution Type by Target Age interaction effect was replicated. Ability and effort contributed to the significance of the interaction, confirming the reliability and generalizability of the age-based double standard. Forgetfulness was rated as a sign of mental difficulty more often for the older than younger characters, replicating Experiment 1. In both experiments, the consequences of the forgetting had a large impact on the attribution and opinion ratings for younger and older forgetful characters. These data suggest that people of all ages evaluate forgetful characters in light of situational outcomes as well as ageist presumptions of cognitive frailty in later life.


Subject(s)
Memory Disorders/psychology , Adult , Aged , Aging/psychology , Female , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Perception
2.
Int J Aging Hum Dev ; 83(4): 366-80, 2016 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27380779

ABSTRACT

The authors examined the prevalence of self-reported ageist behaviors in a lifespan sample ranging in age from 13 to 91 years. Participants completed the Relating to Older People Evaluation (Cherry & Palmore). Results indicated that adolescents and young adults reported fewer ageist behaviors overall than did middle-aged and older adults. Positive ageist behaviors were more frequent than negative ageist behaviors for people of all ages. Women endorsed positive ageism items more often than men, although men and women did not differ in frequency of negative ageist behaviors. Follow-up analyses on participants' responses to two knowledge of aging measures, the Facts on Aging Quiz and the Knowledge of Memory Aging Questionnaire, showed that knowledge of aging was significantly correlated with negative ageist behaviors, after controlling for age and gender. Implications of these findings for current views of ageism (positive and negative) are discussed.


Subject(s)
Ageism/psychology , Aging/psychology , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult
3.
J Genet Psychol ; 166(4): 435-50, 2005 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16463607

ABSTRACT

The authors examined the role of individual difference and event outcome variables in younger and older adults' memory failures appraisal. Participants read vignettes that described fictitious younger characters (in their 20s-30s) or older characters (in their 60s-70s) who had experienced a minor or severe consequence of their forgetfulness. The authors solicited attribution ratings on the potential causes of the forgetfulness and memory opinion ratings. Younger and older adults' ratings were largely similar, although age differences occurred on the effort and luck attribution scales. The consequences of the forgetting had a sizable impact on both the attribution and memory opinion ratings. Individual differences in self-reported memory had a relatively small impact on causal attribution and memory opinion ratings. These results suggested that people weigh their judgments of fictitious forgetful characters against event outcomes more so than ageist beliefs that portray a negative image of cognitive competence in later life.


Subject(s)
Life Change Events , Memory Disorders/diagnosis , Adult , Aged , Autobiographies as Topic , Female , Humans , Male , Memory Disorders/epidemiology , Severity of Illness Index , Surveys and Questionnaires
4.
Exp Aging Res ; 29(3): 353-70, 2003.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12775443

ABSTRACT

In these studies, the authors examined the effects of verbal and pictorial illustrations on younger and older adults' recall of the content of short sentences. During acquisition, base and elaborated sentences were presented under one of three encoding conditions: (a) sentences only; (b) sentences with matching pictures; (c) incomplete sentences with matching pictures. At test, participants recalled the main action of the sentences. Base sentences were recalled more often than elaborated sentences when strict scoring criteria were used. However, older adults showed a recall advantage for elaborated sentences compared to base sentences when lenient scoring criteria were applied. Positive effects of pictorial illustrations occurred for both age groups. Implications for the design of instructional formats to improve older adults' retention of textual material are discussed.


Subject(s)
Aging/psychology , Art , Language , Mental Recall , Adult , Aged , Analysis of Variance , Humans
5.
Brain Cogn ; 50(2): 242-56, 2002 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12464193

ABSTRACT

In this study, we examined the interrelationships among age, working memory (WM), processing speed, and the development of skilled performance. Younger (M=20.5) and older (M=68.9) adults were trained on an alphabet arithmetic task (Haider & Frensch, 1996) administered across three consecutive days. Although older adults were slower than younger adults, both age groups' response latencies decreased as a result of practice. Contrary to expectations, WM and processing speed were significantly correlated with performance late in training. Partial correlations suggested that age differences in performance at the end of training were mediated by individual differences in cognitive processing speed.


Subject(s)
Cognition/physiology , Memory/physiology , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Aging , Automatism , Female , Humans , Learning/physiology , Male , Middle Aged , Neuropsychological Tests , Reaction Time
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