ABSTRACT
Allosteric activators of the glucose-sensing enzyme glucokinase (GK) are currently attracting much interest as potential antidiabetic therapies because they can achieve powerful blood glucose lowering through actions in multiple organs. Here, the optimization of a weakly active high-throughput screening hit to (2 R)-2-(4-cyclopropanesulfonylphenyl)- N-(5-fluorothiazol-2-yl)-3-(tetrahydropyran-4-yl)propionamide (PSN-GK1), a potent GK activator with an improved pharmacokinetic and safety profile, is described. Following oral administration, this compound elicited robust glucose lowering in rats.
Subject(s)
Glucokinase/metabolism , Hypoglycemic Agents/chemistry , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology , Sulfones/chemistry , Sulfones/pharmacology , Thiazoles/chemistry , Thiazoles/pharmacology , Animals , Enzyme Activation , Female , Hypoglycemic Agents/adverse effects , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacokinetics , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Microsomes, Liver/enzymology , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization , Structure-Activity Relationship , Sulfones/adverse effects , Sulfones/pharmacokinetics , Thiazoles/adverse effects , Thiazoles/pharmacokineticsABSTRACT
OSI-930 is a novel inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinases Kit and kinase insert domain receptor (KDR), which is currently being evaluated in clinical studies. OSI-930 selectively inhibits Kit and KDR with similar potency in intact cells and also inhibits these targets in vivo following oral dosing. We have investigated the relationships between the potency observed in cell-based assays in vitro, the plasma exposure levels achieved following oral dosing, the time course of target inhibition in vivo, and antitumor activity of OSI-930 in tumor xenograft models. In the mutant Kit-expressing HMC-1 xenograft model, prolonged inhibition of Kit was achieved at oral doses between 10 and 50 mg/kg and this dose range was associated with antitumor activity. Similarly, prolonged inhibition of wild-type Kit in the NCI-H526 xenograft model was observed at oral doses of 100 to 200 mg/kg, which was the dose level associated with significant antitumor activity in this model as well as in the majority of other xenograft models tested. The data suggest that antitumor activity of OSI-930 in mouse xenograft models is observed at dose levels that maintain a significant level of inhibition of the molecular targets of OSI-930 for a prolonged period. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic evaluation of the plasma exposure levels of OSI-930 at these effective dose levels provides an estimate of the target plasma concentrations that may be required to achieve prolonged inhibition of Kit and KDR in humans and which would therefore be expected to yield a therapeutic benefit in future clinical evaluations of OSI-930.
Subject(s)
Leukemia, Mast-Cell/therapy , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/physiology , Quinolines/pharmacology , Thiophenes/pharmacology , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/antagonists & inhibitors , Administration, Oral , Animals , Female , Humans , Leukemia, Mast-Cell/pathology , Mice , Mice, Nude , Quinolines/administration & dosage , Quinolines/pharmacokinetics , Thiophenes/administration & dosage , Thiophenes/pharmacokinetics , Transplantation, Heterologous , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/physiologyABSTRACT
[reaction: see text] Enantiomerically pure 2,2,3,4,5-pentasubstituted pyrrolidines can be prepared, in high overall yield, from alpha,beta-unsaturated esters. Asymmetry is introduced via a Michael addition, and additional stereogenic centers are introduced by an aldol reaction. A novel stereospecific ring-forming reaction, proceeding via a thiiranium (episulfonium) ion, yields pyrrolidines from beta-hydroxy sulfides. In this manner, 2,2,3,4,5-pentasubstituted pyrrolidines, containing three contiguous stereogenic centers around the ring, can be prepared in 44% overall yield from ethyl crotonate.
