Impact of nondiameter aortic indices on surgical eligibility: Results from the Treatment in Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm: Surgery Versus Surveillance (TITAN: SvS) randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: Traditional criterion for intervention on an asymptomatic ascending aortic aneurysm has been a maximal aortic diameter of 5.5 cm or more. The 2022 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association aortic guidelines adopted cross-sectional aortic area/height ratio, aortic size index, and aortic height index as alternate parameters for surgical intervention. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of using these newer indices on patient eligibility for surgical intervention in a prospective, multicenter cohort with moderate-sized ascending aortic aneurysms between 5.0 and 5.4 cm. METHODS: Patients enrolled from 2018 to 2023 in the randomization or registry arms of the multicenter trial, Treatment In Thoracic Aortic aNeurysm: Surgery versus Surveillance, were included in the study. Clinical data were captured prospectively in an online database. Imaging data were derived from a core computed laboratory. RESULTS: Among the 329 included patients, 20% were female. Mean age was 65.0 ± 11.6 years, and mean maximal aortic diameter was 50.8 ± 3.9 mm. In the one-third of all patients (n = 109) who met any 1 of the 3 criteria (ie, aortic size index ≥3.08 cm/m2, aortic height index ≥3.21 cm/m, or cross-sectional aortic area/height ≥ 10 cm2/m), their mean maximal aortic diameter was 52.5 ± 0.52 mm. Alternate criteria were most commonly met in women compared with men: 20% versus 2% for aortic size index (P < .001), 39% versus 5% for aortic height index (P < .001), and 39% versus 21% for cross-sectional aortic area/height (P = .002), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: One-third of patients in Treatment In Thoracic Aortic aNeurysm: Surgery versus Surveillance would meet criteria for surgical intervention based on novel parameters versus the classic definition of diameter 5.5 cm or more. Surgical thresholds for aortic size index, aortic height index, or cross-sectional aortic area/height ratio are more likely to be met in female patients compared with male patients.

The Impact of Statewide Enumerated Antibullying Laws and Local School Interventions on School Spaces, Physical Harm, and Suicide Attempts for LGBTQ Youth.

Purpose: Our goal was to evaluate the impact of enumerated antibullying laws and local interventions on school affirmation, risk of physical threat or harm, and suicide attempts for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (LGBTQ) youth. Methods: This study used cross-sectional data from three national sources that provided outcomes and potential predictors: (1) The Trevor Project National Survey 2022: based on the LGBTQ youth report, (2) Movement Advancement Project: presence of LGBTQ enumerated antibullying state laws, and (3) School Health Profiles 2020: statewide prevalence of school-level strategies to improve student wellness reported by school personnel. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models calculated the relative risks (RRs) for each outcome. Results: LGBTQ youth (n = 27,697) were surveyed. Youth were less likely to identify their school as nonaffirming in states with enumerated laws (RR: 0.97, confidence interval [CI]: 0.94-0.99) and in states with higher percentages of gay/straight alliances (GSAs) (RR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.96-0.97). Youth were less likely to report a history of physical threat or harm in states with more GSAs (RR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.95-0.97). Enumerated state laws were associated with a lower risk of suicide attempts among LGBTQ youth (RR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.77-0.87). Universal strategies/policies not specific to LGBTQ youth did not reduce risk of physical threat/harm or suicide attempts. Conclusions: Statewide enumerated antibullying protections and the presence of a GSA were associated with a decreased risk of poor outcomes among LGBTQ youth. Longitudinal studies are needed to assess the impact of recent legislative changes.

Measure of Caregiver Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Knowledge Is Responsive to Decision Aid on Treatment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

OBJECTIVE: Adapt and test a measure of knowledge for caregivers of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and evaluate the impact of the information component of a decision aid (DA) on participant knowledge. METHODS: A set of seven knowledge items were created based on prior knowledge measures and clinical guidelines. As part of a larger cross-sectional survey study of caregivers of children diagnosed with ADHD, caregivers were randomized to one of two arms: 1) a DA arm, where participants reviewed the information component of the Cincinnati Children's Hospital's DA, and 2) a control arm, where participants were not shown a DA. All participants completed the seven knowledge items. Knowledge items were assessed for difficulty, quality of distractors, acceptability, and redundancy. Total knowledge scores (0-100) for the DA and control arm were compared. RESULTS: Caregivers were assigned to the DA arm (n = 243) or the control arm (n = 260). All 7 knowledge items were retained as no items were too difficult or too easy, all response options were used, there were little missing data, and no items were redundant. The overall knowledge score was normally distributed, and almost covered the full range of scores (5-100). Those who received the DA component had higher knowledge scores (M=68, SD=23) than those who did not receive the DA component (M=60, SD=19, P < .01, d=0.4). CONCLUSIONS: The Caregiver ADHD Knowledge (CAKe) measure was acceptable and demonstrated construct validity as those who were assigned to review the DA component demonstrated greater knowledge than those who were not assigned to review the DA component.

Cognitive Effects of Body Temperature During Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest Trial (GOT ICE): A Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Outcomes After Aortic Arch Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Deep hypothermia has been the standard for hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA) during aortic arch surgery. However, centers worldwide have shifted toward lesser hypothermia with antegrade cerebral perfusion. This has been supported by retrospective data, but there has yet to be a multicenter, prospective randomized study comparing deep versus moderate hypothermia during HCA. METHODS: This was a randomized single-blind trial (GOT ICE [Cognitive Effects of Body Temperature During Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest]) of patients undergoing arch surgery with HCA plus antegrade cerebral perfusion at 4 US referral aortic centers (August 2016-December 2021). Patients were randomized to 1 of 3 hypothermia groups: DP, deep (≤20.0 °C); LM, low-moderate (20.1-24.0 °C); and HM, high-moderate (24.1-28.0 °C). The primary outcome was composite global cognitive change score between baseline and 4 weeks postoperatively. Analysis followed the intention-to-treat principle to evaluate if: (1) LM noninferior to DP on global cognitive change score; (2) DP superior to HM. The secondary outcomes were domain-specific cognitive change scores, neuroimaging findings, quality of life, and adverse events. RESULTS: A total of 308 patients consented; 282 met inclusion and were randomized. A total of 273 completed surgery, and 251 completed the 4-week follow-up (DP, 85 [34%]; LM, 80 [34%]; HM, 86 [34%]). Mean global cognitive change score from baseline to 4 weeks in the LM group was noninferior to the DP group; likewise, no significant difference was observed between DP and HM. Noninferiority of LM versus DP, and lack of difference between DP and HM, remained for domain-specific cognitive change scores, except structured verbal memory, with noninferiority of LM versus DP not established and structured verbal memory better preserved in DP versus HM (P = 0.036). There were no significant differences in structural or functional magnetic resonance imaging brain imaging between groups postoperatively. Regardless of temperature, patients who underwent HCA demonstrated significant reductions in cerebral gray matter volume, cortical thickness, and regional brain functional connectivity. Thirty-day in-hospital mortality, major morbidity, and quality of life were not different between groups. CONCLUSIONS: This randomized multicenter study evaluating arch surgery HCA temperature strategies found low-moderate hypothermia noninferior to traditional deep hypothermia on global cognitive change 4 weeks after surgery, although in secondary analysis, structured verbal memory was better preserved in the deep group. The verbal memory differences in the low- and high-moderate groups and structural and functional connectivity reductions from baseline merit further investigation and suggest opportunities to further optimize brain perfusion during HCA. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT02834065.

Decisional Support Needed when Facing Tough Decisions: Survey of Parents with Children having Differences of Sex Development.

Introduction: Parents of infants and young children newly diagnosed with differences of sex development (DSD) commonly face medical and psychosocial management decisions at a time when they are first learning about the condition and cannot consult their child for input. The aim of this study was to identify areas of greatest need for parental decisional support. Methods: 34 parents of children receiving care for DSD at one of three US children's hospitals participated in a survey to learn what clinical and psychosocial decisions needed to be made on behalf of their child. Parents were then asked to identify and focus on a "tough" decision and respond to questions assessing factors affecting decision-making, decision-making preferences, decisional conflict, and decision regret. Descriptive analyses were conducted. Results: Decisions about surgery and aspects of sharing information about their child's condition with others were the two most frequently reported decisions overall, experienced by 97% and 88% of parents, as well as most frequently nominated as tough decisions. Many parents reported mild to moderate levels of decisional conflict (59%) and decision regret (74%). Almost all parents (94%) reported experiencing at least one factor as interfering with decision-making (e.g., "worried too much about choosing the 'wrong' option"). Parents universally reported a desire to be involved in decision-making - preferably making the final decision primarily on their own (79%), or together with their child's healthcare providers (21%). The majority of parents judged healthcare providers (82%) and patient/family organizations (58%) as trustworthy sources of information. Discussion: Parents of children with DSD encounter medical, surgical, and psychosocial management decisions. Despite difficulties including emotional distress and informational concerns (including gaps and overload), parents express strong desires to play key roles in decision-making on behalf of their children. Healthcare providers can help identify family-specific needs through observation and inquiry in the clinical context. Together with families, providers should focus on specific clinical management decisions and support parental involvement in making decisions on behalf of young children with DSD.

Emergency and Compassionate Use of a Novel Ascending Endograft for Ascending and Arch Aortic Pathology.

PURPOSE: Patients with complicated ascending aortic pathology, including patients with acute type A aortic dissection may be at extreme risk for open repair. Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR), infrequently used for the ascending aorta, may be considered an alternative in this setting. We describe early results for emergency and compassionate (E&C) use of a novel endograft, specifically designed for use to treat pathology of the ascending aorta. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This case series evaluated 19 patients (mean age, 68.84±13.12 years; 57.9% female) treated with ascending TEVAR for acute and chronic acute (4), subacute (1), or chronic (1) aortic dissection or pseudoaneurysm (13). Six of the 19 patients (31.5%) were treated under compassionate use and 13 patients (68.4%) were treated under the emergency use exemption. Ten patients (52.6%) received additional devices to extend treatment into the arch and descending aorta. RESULTS: Device delivery was achieved in all patients (100%). Thirty-day mortality and stroke occurred in 3 patients (15.8%) and in 1 patient (5.3%), respectively. In 1 patient (5.3%), with an Unanticipated Adverse Device Event, the aorta ruptured when the endograft eroded into the adventitial portion of dissection site at the posterior aspect of the ascending wall. Devices were explanted in 2 patients (10.5%), 353 and 610 days after the index procedure, respectively. Six patients had endoleaks (31.6%), including type I (n=2, 10.5%), type II endoleaks (n=3, 15.8%), and indeterminate endoleak (n=1, 5.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Delivery and deployment of a novel ascending thoracic stent graft with or without an additional branched arch extension is feasible in patients with complex anatomy and pathology, including acute aortic dissection and pseudoaneurysm. Additional experience with this novel device will further refine the patient population most suitable for endovascular ascending aortic repair for these pathologies. CLINICAL IMPACT: This study describes a novel stent graft specifically designed for treatment of ascending aortic pathology, including acute type A dissection. The patients described in this series constituted a group outside the formal US FDA sponsored clinical trial, and were those accepted as part of an emergency and compassionate use basis.

Effect of Automated and Personalized Outreach Messages on Well-Child Visit Catch Up: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of text/telephone outreach messages and personal contact attempts on well-child care (WCC) scheduling and completion and measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine receipt. METHODS: We conducted an intent-to-treat, 2 × 2 factorial randomized clinical trial with 3 replications at 3 academic pediatric primary care practices from September 27, 2020 to August 6, 2021. We randomized participants to 1 of 4 groups: 1 automated message (group 1), 2 automated messages (group 2), 1 automated message plus personal contact attempts (group 3), or 2 automated messages plus personal contact attempts (group 4). Outcomes included: 1) scheduled WCC within 2 weeks (secondary outcome), 2) completed WCC within 8 weeks (secondary outcome), 3) receipt of first MMR by 15 months of age or second MMR within 3 months of first message for 4-year-olds (primary outcome). RESULTS: We randomized 1312 patients (mean [SD] age = 38.8 [19.3] months, 53.5% male, 72.8% non-Hispanic Black, 86.9% Medicaid-enrolled). Scheduling rates were significantly higher in groups with personal contact attempts compared to those without (1 = 15.2%, 2 = 12.5%, 3 = 29.3%, and 4 = 31.5%). WCC completion rates also differed across groups: 1 = 27.4%, 2 = 22.3%, 3 = 32.0%, and 4 = 29.4%, with groups 3 and 4 having significantly higher rates than group 2. Similarly, groups 3 (30.2%) and 4 (31.8%) had significantly higher rates of receiving the MMR vaccine compared to group 2 (23.5%) but not group 1 (28.0%). CONCLUSIONS: Outreach messages that were followed by personal contact attempts increased the rates of scheduling and completing WCCs and receiving the MMR vaccine, providing a useful tool to re-engage at-risk populations.

Co-creating a suite of patient decision aids for parents of an infant or young child with differences of sex development: A methods roadmap.

Introduction: Parents and guardians of infants and young children with differences of sex development (DSD) often face numerous health and social decisions about their child's condition. While proxy health decisions can be stressful in any circumstance, they are further exacerbated in this clinical context by significant variations in clinical presentation, parental lack of knowledge about DSD, irreversibility of some options (e.g., gonadectomy), a paucity of research available about long-term outcomes, and anticipated decisional regret. This study aimed to engage clinicians, parents, and an adult living with DSD to collaboratively develop a suite of patient decision aids (PDAs) to respond to the decisional needs of parents and guardians of infants and young children diagnosed with DSD. Methods: We used a systematic co-development process guided by the Ottawa Decision Support Framework and the International Patient Decision Aids Standards (IPDAS). The five steps were: literature selection, establish the team, decisional needs assessment, create the PDAs, and alpha testing. Results: We developed four PDAs to support parents/guardians of infants or young children diagnosed with DSD about four priority decisions identified through our decisional needs assessment: genetic testing, gender of rearing, genital surgery and gonadal surgery. All four PDAs include information for parents about DSD, the options, reasons to choose or avoid each option, and opportunities for parents/guardians to rate the importance of features of each option to clarify their values for these features. Qualitative feedback was positive from clinicians, parents and an adult living with DSD. Conclusions: These PDAs are clinical tools designed to support parents/guardians and to promote making an informed and shared DSD-related decision. While these tools are specific to DSD, they contain themes and elements translatable to other pediatric populations.

Outcomes of the Ross procedure in patients older versus younger than 50 years old.

OBJECTIVES: The Ross procedure is traditionally considered for young adult patients with aortic valve disease. This study compares long-term outcomes of patients undergoing the Ross procedure who are ≥50 and <50-years old. METHODS: Data were collected from 225 patients undergoing Ross procedure at a single centre from 1994 to 2019. Patients were categorized into younger (<50-years old; n = 156) and older (≥50-years old; n = 69) cohorts. Baseline demographics clinical outcomes were compared. RESULTS: The mean age was 36 ± 8.1 and 55 ± 4.2 years in the younger and older cohort, respectively. Both groups were predominantly male (58.5% vs 69.6%; P = 0.59). The younger group had a higher rate of aortic insufficiency (51% vs 26.1%; P < 0.01), and bicuspid aortic valve (81.4% vs 58.0%; P < 0.01). Aortic stenosis was more prevalent in the older cohort (25.6% vs 58.0%; P < 0.01). Operative mortality was acceptable in both groups (1.3% vs 4.3%; P = 0.15). Survival up to 10 years was not statistically different between 2 groups (96.2% vs 91.3% P = 0.16), whereas survival up to 15 years for younger patients was significantly higher (94.9% vs 85.5%; P = 0.03). After non-cardiac related deaths were excluded, survival up to 15 years (98.7% vs 91.3%; P = 0.02) was significantly lower than younger patients. In both groups, survival after the Ross procedure was similar to the age- and sex-matched US population. CONCLUSIONS: Survival up to 10 years after Ross procedure were similar, but up to 15 years was significantly higher in younger patients. The Ross procedure restored patients from both groups to expected survival. Our results suggest that at experienced centres, the Ross procedure is a safe and reasonable option for patients who are 50 years and older.

"I'd like more options!": Interviews to explore young people and family decision-making needs for pain management in juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

BACKGROUND: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a common pediatric rheumatic condition and is associated with symptoms such as joint pain that can negatively impact health-related quality of life. To effectively manage pain in JIA, young people, their families, and health care providers (HCPs) should be supported to discuss pain management options and make a shared decision. However, pain is often under-recognized, and pain management discussions are not optimal. No studies have explored decision-making needs for pain management in JIA using a shared decision making (SDM) model. We sought to explore families' decision-making needs with respect to pain management among young people with JIA, parents/caregivers, and HCPs. METHODS: We conducted semi-structured virtual or face-to-face individual interviews with young people with JIA 8-18 years of age, parents/caregivers and HCPs using a qualitative descriptive study design. We recruited participants online across Canada and the United States, from a hospital and from a quality improvement network. We used interview guides based on the Ottawa Decision Support Framework to assess decision-making needs. We audiotaped, transcribed verbatim and analyzed interviews using thematic analysis. RESULTS: A total of 12 young people (n = 6 children and n = 6 adolescents), 13 parents/caregivers and 11 HCPs participated in interviews. Pediatric HCPs were comprised of rheumatologists (n = 4), physical therapists (n = 3), rheumatology nurses (n = 2) and occupational therapists (n = 2). The following themes were identified: (1) need to assess pain in an accurate manner; (2) need to address pain in pediatric rheumatology consultations; (3) need for information on pain management options, especially nonpharmacological approaches; (4) importance of effectiveness, safety and ease of use of treatments; (5) need to discuss young people/families' values and preferences for pain management options; and the (6) need for decision support. Themes were similar for young people, parents/caregivers and HCPs, although their respective importance varied. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest a need for evidence-based information and communication about pain management options, which would be addressed by decision support interventions and HCP training in pain and SDM. Work is underway to develop such interventions and implement them into practice to improve pain management in JIA and in turn lead to better health outcomes.

Real-world comparative claims analysis of a novel single-branched aortic stent graft device versus thoracic endograft placement with extra-anatomic debranching/revascularization in zone 2 aortic disease.

Background: Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) involving landing zone 2 can require extra-anatomic debranching (SR-TEVAR) to ensure left subclavian artery perfusion, resulting in increased costs. A single-branch device (Thoracic Branch Endoprosthesis [TBE], WL Gore, Flagstaff, AZ) provides a total endovascular solution. Comparative cost analysis of patients undergoing zone 2 TEVAR requiring left subclavian artery preservation with TBE versus SR-TEVAR is presented. Methods: A single-center retrospective cost analysis was performed for aortic diseases requiring a zone 2 landing zone (TBE vs. SR-TEVAR) from 2014 to 2019. Facility charges were collected from the universal billing form UB-04 (form CMS 1450). Results: Twenty-four patients were included in each arm. There were no significant differences in the overall mean procedural charges between the two groups: TBE, $209,736 ($57,761) vs. SR-TEVAR $209,025 ($93,943), P = 0.94. TBE resulted in reduced operating room charges ($36,849 [$8750] vs. $48,073 [$10,825], P = 0.02) and reduced intensive care unit and telemetry room charges, which did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.23 and 0.12, respectively). Device/implant charges were the primary cost driver in both groups. Charges associated with TBE were significantly higher: $105,525 ($36,137) vs. $51,605 ($31,326), P > 0.01. Conclusions: TBE had similar overall procedural charges despite higher device/implant-related expenses and reduced facility resource utilization (lower operating room, intensive care unit, telemetry, and pharmacy charges).

Adolescent Decision-Making Involvement in the Receipt of Genomic Testing Results.

OBJECTIVE: To examine hypothesized predictors of adolescent and parent involvement in the decision about which genomic results to receive. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a longitudinal cohort study during phase 3 of the electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) Network. Dyads reported on how they preferred to make choices (adolescent only, parent only, or jointly). Dyads used a decision tool to choose independently the categories of genetic testing results they wanted. We summarized independent choices, identifying initially discordant dyads. After a facilitated discussion, dyads made a joint decision. Dyads then completed the Decision-Making Involvement Scale (DMIS). We conducted bivariate correlations between DMIS subscale scores and the following hypothesized predictors: adolescent age, preference for adolescent to make their own decision, and discordance on initial independent choices. RESULTS: The sample included 163 adolescents, aged 13-17 years and parents (86.5% mothers). Dyads lacked agreement on how they wanted to make the final decision (weighted kappa statistic 0.04; 95% CI -0.08 to 0.16). These preferences, as well as the adolescent's age and adolescent-parent discordance on initial choices for specific categories of genetic testing results to receive, were associated with subsequent decision-making involvement behaviors as measured by DMIS subscales. Dyads with discordant initial preferences had significantly greater scores on the DMIS Joint/Options subscale than those with concordant initial preferences (adolescent report M [SD] 2.46 [0.60] vs 2.10 [0.68], P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Through facilitated discussion, adolescents and parents can work together and reach agreement about receipt of genomic screening results.

Comparative Effectiveness of Anti-TNF in Combination With Low-Dose Methotrexate vs Anti-TNF Monotherapy in Pediatric Crohn's Disease: A Pragmatic Randomized Trial.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors, including infliximab and adalimumab, are a mainstay of pediatric Crohn's disease therapy; however, nonresponse and loss of response are common. As combination therapy with methotrexate may improve response, we performed a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pragmatic trial to compare tumor necrosis factor inhibitors with oral methotrexate to tumor necrosis factor inhibitor monotherapy. METHODS: Patients with pediatric Crohn's disease initiating infliximab or adalimumab were randomized in 1:1 allocation to methotrexate or placebo and followed for 12-36 months. The primary outcome was a composite indicator of treatment failure. Secondary outcomes included anti-drug antibodies and patient-reported outcomes of pain interference and fatigue. Adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs (SAEs) were collected. RESULTS: Of 297 participants (mean age, 13.9 years, 35% were female), 156 were assigned to methotrexate (110 infliximab initiators and 46 adalimumab initiators) and 141 to placebo (102 infliximab initiators and 39 adalimumab initiators). In the overall population, time to treatment failure did not differ by study arm (hazard ratio, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.45-1.05). Among infliximab initiators, there were no differences between combination and monotherapy (hazard ratio, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.55-1.56). Among adalimumab initiators, combination therapy was associated with longer time to treatment failure (hazard ratio, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.19-0.81). A trend toward lower anti-drug antibody development in the combination therapy arm was not significant (infliximab: odds ratio, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.49-1.07; adalimumab: odds ratio, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.24-2.07). No differences in patient-reported outcomes were observed. Combination therapy resulted in more AEs but fewer SAEs. CONCLUSIONS: Among adalimumab but not infliximab initiators, patients with pediatric Crohn's disease treated with methotrexate combination therapy experienced a 2-fold reduction in treatment failure with a tolerable safety profile. CLINICALTRIALS: gov, Number: NCT02772965.

ARISE: First-In-Human Evaluation of a Novel Stent Graft to Treat Ascending Aortic Dissection.

BACKGROUND: Operative mortality for type A aortic dissection is still 10-20% at centers of excellence. Additionally, 10-20% are not considered as viable candidates for open surgical repair and not offered life-saving emergency surgery. ARISE is a multicenter investigation evaluating the novel GORE® Ascending Stent Graft (ASG; Flagstaff, AZ). OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to assess early feasibility of using these investigational devices to treat ascending aortic dissection. METHODS: This a prospective, multicenter, non-randomized, single-arm study that enrolls patients at high surgical risk with appropriate anatomical requirements based on computed tomography imaging at 7 of 9 US sites. Devices are delivered transfemorally under fluoroscopic guidance. Primary endpoint is all-cause mortality at 30 days. Secondary endpoints include major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) at 30 days, 6 months, and 12 months. RESULTS: Nineteen patients were enrolled with a mean age of 75.7 years (range 47-91) and 11 (57.9%) were female. Ten (52.6%) had DeBakey type I disease, and the rest were type II. Sixteen (84.2%) of the patients were acute. Patients were treated with safe access, (7/19 (36.8%) percutaneous, 10/19 (52.6%) transfemoral, 2/19 (10.5%) iliac conduit), delivery, and deployment completed in all cases. Median procedure time was 154 mins (range 52-392) and median contrast used was 111 mL (range 75-200). MACCE at 30 days occurred in 5 patients including mortality 3/19 (15.8%), disabling stroke in 1/19 (5.3%), and myocardial infarction in 1/19 (5.3%). CONCLUSION: Results from the ARISE early feasibility study of a specific ascending stent graft device to treat ascending aortic dissection are promising.

A survey of healthcare professionals' perceptions of the decisional needs of parents with an infant born with a disorder/difference of sex development.

INTRODUCTION: Parents of infants born with differences in sex development (DSD) face many difficult decisions. As part of a larger project designed to develop educational interventions to promote shared decision making, this study assessed healthcare professionals' (HCPs) perceptions of parental decision-making needs when an infant is born with a DSD. METHODS: A cross-sectional web-based survey following the Ottawa Decision Support Framework was conducted in two waves, between October 2020 and June 2022. Survey domains included: common DSD decisions, indicators of parents' decisional needs, and resources and approaches to support parental decision making. Eligible participants were HCPs working within interprofessional pediatric DSD centers in the USA. Up to three reminders were sent. Descriptive analysis was conducted. RESULTS: 71 HCPs participated; most (>90%) reported parents experience signs of decisional conflict including feeling unsure, worrying about what could go wrong, and fear of choosing a "wrong," irreversible option. The majority (90%) reported parents experience strong emotions interfering with their receptivity to information or deliberation. The majority (>70%) identified inadequate parental knowledge of the DSD as a barrier to decision making, coupled with information overload (>90%). HCPs rated several factors as "very" important, including: parents having information on benefits, harms, and other features of options (93%), having information about all the available options (87%), and having access to providers to discuss the options (84%). Providers endorsed using a variety of approaches to support parents' decision making; however, access to decision aids was not universally rated as highly important (very, 44%; somewhat, 46%; a little, 10%). IMPLICATIONS: Overall, HCPs expressed favorable attitudes toward supporting active parental participation in medical decision making. Opportunities for enhanced support of shared decision making included: a) recognizing and addressing parental emotional distress and informational overload at a time when parents need to consider complex options for their infant or young child; and b) the need for HCPs to encourage values clarification in decision-making encounters with parents.

Outcomes of redo operations after the Ross procedure.

BACKGROUND: The Ross procedure is not commonly performed, owing to the procedural complexity and the risk of autograft and/or homograft reoperation. This study examined outcomes of patients undergoing Ross reinterventions at a dedicated Ross center. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 225 consecutive patients who underwent a Ross procedure between 1994 and 2019. Index and redo operation characteristics and outcomes were compared between patients with and those without redo operations. Multivariate analysis was used to identify independent predictors of Ross-related reinterventions. Survival was estimated with Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: Sixty-six patients (29.3%) required redo Ross surgery, 41 patients (18.2%) underwent autograft reoperation only, 8 patients (3.6%) had a homograft reintervention, and 17 patients (7.6%) had both autograft and homograft reoperations (12 as a combined procedure and 5 as sequential procedures). The mean time to reintervention was 11 ± 6 years for autograft reoperations and 12 ± 7 years for homograft reoperations. Patients who underwent Ross-related reinterventions were younger (mean, 38 ± 11 years vs 43 ± 11 years; P < .01) and had a higher rate of New York Heart Association class III/IV (56% vs 38%; P = .02) at the index Ross procedure. Most patients undergoing autograft reintervention had aortic insufficiency and/or aneurysm (98.2%; 57 of 58). The primary reason for homograft reintervention was pulmonary stenosis (92%; 23 of 25). The operative mortality of Ross reintervention was 1.5% (1 of 66). Survival at 15 years was similar in patients who required a redo operation and those who did not (91.2% vs 93.9%; P = .23). CONCLUSIONS: Ross reinterventions can be performed safely and maintain patients at the normal life expectancy restored by the index Ross procedure up to 15 years at experienced centers.

Effect of Outreach Messages on Adolescent Well-Child Visits and Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccine Rates: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To determine effectiveness of text/telephone outreach messages, with and without coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine information. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted an intent-to-treat, multiarm, randomized clinical trial with adolescents aged 12-17 years. Eligible patients did not have an adolescent well-care visit in the past year or scheduled in the next 45 days or an active electronic health record portal account. We randomized participants to the standard message, COVID-19 vaccine message, or no message (control) group and delivered 2 text messages or telephone calls (per family preference) to the message groups. The primary outcome was adolescent well-care visit completion within 8 weeks, and secondary outcomes were adolescent well-care visit scheduled within 2 weeks and receiving COVID-19 vaccine within 8 weeks. RESULTS: We randomized 1235 adolescents (mean age, 14 ± 1.5 years; 51.6% male; 76.7% Black; 4.1% Hispanic/Latinx; 88.3% publicly insured). The standard message group had higher odds of scheduling an adolescent well-care visit compared with the control group (OR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.21-3.52) and COVID-19 vaccine message group (OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.00-2.74). The odds of completing an adolescent well-care visit did not differ significantly (standard message group vs control group; OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 0.88-2.06; COVID-19 vaccine message group vs control group, OR, 1.33; 95% CI, 0.87-2.03). In per-protocol analyses, adolescents in the standard message group were twice as likely as the control group to receive the COVID-19 vaccine (OR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.05-5.86). CONCLUSIONS: Outreach messages were minimally effective. Efforts are needed to address widening disparities. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04904744.

Examining the Unified Theory of Behavior Change Constructs Among Adolescents Taking Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Medicine: A Longitudinal Study.

OBJECTIVE: To quantitatively validate the preintention factors, behavioral intentions, and implementation factors and examine the relationships theorized by the Unified Theory of Behavior Change (UTBC) model among adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS: We conducted longitudinal analyses of data from 40 adolescents with ADHD, aged 11 to 15 years old, and their parents, including self-report of UTBC constructs using standardized measures. We collected pharmacy dispensing records for adolescents for the 4 months that followed. We used bivariate correlations to examine relationships between medication continuity, behavioral intentions, preintention factors, and the implementation factors. We conducted paired sample t-tests to compare adolescent and parent responses on UTBC items. RESULTS: Adolescents (mean [standard deviation {SD}] age = 13.3 [1.2] years, 75% male, 77.5% non-Hispanic Black, 90% publicly insured) reported a mean total ADHD symptom score = 29.8/54 (SD = 10.94) and mean total impairment score = 18.7/52 (SD = 10.90) and had a mean percentage of days covered with medicine over 4 months = 0.21 (range = 0-0.97). Adolescent intention to take ADHD medicine every school day was significantly related to adolescents' subsequent medication continuity (r = 0.37, P < .05). Adolescent self-concept/image and confidence taking ADHD medicine were the most important factors related to the intention to take ADHD medicine every school day. Adolescents reported less belief and intention to take ADHD medicine and more barriers to taking ADHD medicine compared to their parents. CONCLUSION: The UTBC model shed light on factors related to subsequent medication use, providing a plausible mechanism for additional research to intervene to promote future medication continuity.

Effect of Electronic Outreach Using Patient Portal Messages on Well Child Care Visit Completion: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Outreach messages to patients overdue for well child care (WCC) can be delivered different ways (ie, telephone calls and text messages). Use of electronic health record patient portals is increasingly common but their effectiveness is uncertain. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of patient portal outreach messages, with and without the date of the last WCC, on the scheduling and completion of WCC visits and completion of vaccinations. Design, Setting, and Participants: An intention-to-treat, multigroup, randomized clinical trial was conducted at 3 academic primary care practices from July 30 to October 4, 2021. The population included predominantly non-Hispanic Black, low-income children (age, 6-17 years) whose parent had an active portal account. Interventions: Participants were randomized to the standard message, tailored message, or no message (control) group. Two messages were delivered to those in the message groups. Main Outcomes and Measures: Outcomes included WCC visit scheduled within 2 weeks of the first intervention message, WCC visit completed within 8 weeks (primary outcome), and receipt of COVID-19 vaccine within 8 weeks. Results: Nine hundred forty-five patients participated (mean [SD] age, 9.9 [3.3] years, 493 [52.2%] girls, 590 [62.4%] non-Hispanic Black, 807 [85.4%] publicly insured). Scheduling rates were 18.4% in the standard message group (adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 1.97; 95% CI, 1.32-2.84) and 14.9% in the tailored message group (aRR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.02-2.34) compared with the control group (9.5%). Well child care visit completion rates were 24.1% in the standard message group (aRR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.38-2.60) and 19.4% in the tailored message group (aRR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.06-2.13) compared with the control group (12.7%). Among eligible children, rates of receiving the COVID-19 vaccine were 16.7% in the standard message group compared with 4.8% in the tailored message (aRR, 3.41; 95% CI, 1.14-9.58) and 3.7% in the control groups (aRR, 4.84; 95% CI, 1.44-15.12). Conclusions and Relevance: In this randomized clinical trial, outreach messages delivered via electronic health record patient portals increased the rates of scheduling and completing WCC visits and receiving the COVID-19 vaccine, providing a useful tool to help restore WCC in populations whose care was delayed during the pandemic. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04994691.