A Mobile App to Increase Informed Decisions About Colorectal Cancer Screening Among African American and Caucasian Women: A Pilot Study.

At this time, there are no interactive mobile apps designed to increase informed decisions about colorectal cancer screening among women. Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death among women. The study's purpose was to explore the usability, acceptability, and satisfaction with a mobile app designed to increase colorectal cancer screening informed decisions among 50- to 64-year-old women. Using previous research, an interactive mobile app to increase informed decisions about colorectal cancer screening was developed and pilot tested among African American and Caucasian women (N = 41). In total, 80.6% of women strongly agree/agreed that the mobile app made them think about colorectal cancer screening, 83.8% strongly agree/agreed that the mobile app provided enough information to make a decision about colorectal cancer screening, and 86.1% strongly agree/agreed that the mobile app could help them talk to their provider about colorectal cancer screening. Participants (63.2%) identified family/spouse as who they would talk to about their colorectal cancer screening decision. Participants found the mobile app easy to use and useful in making colorectal cancer screening decisions. Social support is important when making decisions about colorectal cancer screening. Healthcare professionals need new strategies, such as mobile apps, that engage patients, have the potential to increase patient-provider communication, and increase colorectal cancer screening adherence.

Using cognitive interviewing to improve questionnaires: An exemplar study focusing on individual and condition-specific factors.

Questionnaires are a standard component of quantitative research, but seldom do researchers consider the importance of item clarity and participant comprehension. This is particularly true among the often overlooked individual and condition-specific items which characterize the patient and disease process. Cognitive interviewing is one approach to assess item clarity and identify how participants understand and respond to questions. The purpose of this paper is to describe the process of cognitive interviewing used to identify questions that are unclear or challenging to answer for a unique population, emerging adults (age 18-29) with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Through cognitive interviewing four areas were identified as needing improvement among individual and condition-specific items: 1) clarity - describing terms and adding details to item directions; 2) cognitive recall burden - rewording questions to avoid the need for mental math, 3) timeframe - adding phrases like 'in the past 2 weeks,' and 4) question relevance - including items on disease remission. Analysis of these four areas may guide other researchers working with IBD patients to obtain high quality data, as well as stimulate questionnaire adaption using cognitive interviewing with other populations. Cognitive interviewing can be useful when drafting a new questionnaire or when adapting an established questionnaire; in either case, it can enhance item clarity and participant comprehension.

Colorectal Cancer Awareness for Women via Facebook: A Pilot Study.

Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death among U.S. women. Women report being screened for colorectal cancer less often than men, and if colorectal cancer screening guidelines were routinely followed, approximately 60% of colorectal cancer deaths could be prevented. Many colorectal cancer screening interventions have not used Facebook, which is the most popular social media site among women. Little is known about engaging women in colorectal cancer screening and risk reduction information using Facebook. The "Colorectal Cancer Screening Awareness for Women" Facebook page was created to promote colorectal cancer screening and risk reduction awareness among women. Facebook posts targeted women aged 45-64 years and highlighted colorectal cancer screening methods, guidelines, and colorectal cancer risk reduction strategies. Demographics and data about the women's interactions with the page were collected using Facebook analytics and analyzed. The majority of the 391 users of the Colorectal Cancer Screening Awareness for Women Facebook page were women aged 45-54 years (56.5%). The most "liked" posts were related to colorectal cancer risk reduction behaviors. In an effort to increase routine colorectal cancer screening and colorectal cancer risk reduction behaviors, gastroenterology nurses and practices should consider Facebook as a good method to regularly engage women in colorectal cancer screening and colorectal cancer risk reduction information.

Factors that Influence Treatment and Non-treatment Decision Making Among Individuals with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An Integrative Review.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic illness with periods of varying disease activity called flares and remissions. Since IBD impacts quality of life, patients make IBD disease management decisions every day. Previous research indicates limited insight about factors that influence decisions regarding disease management and the types of decisions IBD patients make. The purpose of this integrative review is to identify types of treatment and non-treatment decisions and the factors that influence decision making regarding disease management among individuals with IBD. An integrative literature review was performed based on the Whittemore and Knafl framework. PubMed, Web of Science, and PsychINFO were searched for relevant articles, from 2010-2016, using the key terms: decision making, patient preferences, self-management, self-care, nutrition, diet, stress, symptom, Colitis, Crohns, and IBD. Twenty-eight articles met the inclusion criteria. From these, research showed two types of decisions: treatment decisions related to medication and surgery, and non-treatment decisions focused on diet modification. Five themes that influence decisions were identified: experiencing symptoms, provider recommendations, convenience attributes, psychosocial factors, and informational needs. Most of the studies found a positive relationship between an increased number of symptoms and a patient's willingness to engage in treatment decisions. Although support from providers is highly influential for treatment decisions, most studies reported that provider recommendations did not align with patient preferences. Future work is needed to understand factors that influence decisions among recently diagnosed patients, to focus on non-treatment-related decisions, and to clarify the role of psychosocial factors in promoting disease decision making among IBD patients. This integrative review identified that, for patients, experiencing symptoms is the most important factor that influences treatment and non-treatment decisions.

African American patients' intent to screen for colorectal cancer: Do cultural factors, health literacy, knowledge, age and gender matter?

African Americans have higher colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality rates. Research suggests that CRC screening interventions targeting African Americans be based upon cultural dimensions. Secondary analysis of data from African-Americans who were not up-to-date with CRC screening (n=817) was conducted to examine: 1) relationships among cultural factors (i.e., provider trust, cancer fatalism, health temporal orientation (HTO)), health literacy, and CRC knowledge; 2) age and gender differences; and 3) relationships among the variables and CRC screening intention. Provider trust, fatalism, HTO, health literacy and CRC knowledge had significant relationships among study variables. The FOBT intention model explained 43% of the variance with age and gender being significant predictors. The colonoscopy intention model explained 41% of the variance with gender being a significant predictor. Results suggest that when developing CRC interventions for African Americans, addressing cultural factors remain important, but particular attention should be given to the age and gender of the patient.

Sociocultural and health correlates related to colorectal cancer screening adherence among urban African Americans.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality are highest among African Americans. African Americans lag behind whites in CRC screening rates. Research has examined the role of CRC screening knowledge and beliefs and their relationship to CRC screening adherence. However, studies have not examined the effect cultural identity, social support, CRC beliefs, an informed decision, and having a chronic disease has on CRC screening among African Americans. OBJECTIVES: This study examined CRC screening adherence among African Americans within the context of sociocultural variables, an informed decision, and health factors. METHODS: A secondary data analysis was performed on survey data collected from 129 African American men and women. RESULTS: Social support and family influence were related to having a colonoscopy. Having diabetes was negatively related to having a colonoscopy. There was no relationship between having a primary care provider and making an informed decision about CRC screening. Religiosity and having a primary care provider predicted colonoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that certain sociocultural variables are related to colonoscopy. However, those same variables may not be related to or predictive of fecal occult blood test adherence. The diagnosis of diabetes may present a challenge to CRC screening adherence. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The results of the study suggest that social support and family influence concerning CRC screening be assessed to provide additional support to colonoscopy adherence. The results also suggest that diabetic patients may require additional intervention to increase colonoscopy adherence rates.

A tailored Web-based psychoeducational intervention for cancer patients and their family caregivers.

BACKGROUND: Most programs addressing psychosocial concerns of cancer survivors are in-person programs that are expensive to deliver, have limited availability, and seldom deal with caregivers' concerns. OBJECTIVE: This study examined the feasibility of translating an efficacious nurse-delivered program (FOCUS Program) for patients and their caregivers to a tailored, dyadic Web-based format. Specific aims were to (1) test the preliminary effects of the Web-based intervention on patient and caregiver outcomes, (2) examine participants' program satisfaction, and (3) determine the feasibility of using a Web-based delivery format. METHODS: A phase 2 feasibility study was conducted with cancer patients (lung, breast, colorectal, prostate) and their family caregivers (N = 38 dyads). The Web-based intervention provided information and support tailored to the unique characteristics of each patient, caregiver, and their dyadic relationship. Primary outcomes were emotional distress and quality of life. Secondary outcomes were benefits of illness/caregiving, communication, support, and self-efficacy. Analyses included descriptive statistics and repeated-measures analysis of variance. RESULTS: Dyads had a significant decrease in emotional distress, increase in quality of life, and perceived more benefits of illness/caregiving. Caregivers also had significant improvement in self-efficacy. There were no changes in communication. Participants were satisfied with program usability, but recommended additional content. CONCLUSIONS: It was possible to translate a clinician-delivered program to a Web-based format that was easy to use and had positive effects on dyadic outcomes. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The Web-based program is a promising way to provide psychosocial care to more patients and caregivers using fewer personnel. It needs further testing in a larger randomized clinical trial.

Family Support and Colorectal Cancer Screening among Urban African Americans.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer death among African Americans. Less than 50% of African Americans have had CRC screening. This study examined the relationships between family support and influence, cultural identity, CRC beliefs, and a screening informed decision among 129 urban African Americans. Family support (p < .01) significantly predicted CRC beliefs and CRC beliefs significantly predicted informed decision (p < .01). Based on study results, practitioners should routinely assess family support and CRC beliefs with African Americans patients. This may improve patient-provider shared decision-making satisfaction and CRC screening adherence among African American patients.

Sociocultural differences and colorectal cancer screening among African American men and women.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To examine sociocultural factors that influence an informed decision about colorectal cancer (CRC) screening among African American men and women. DESIGN: Descriptive, cross-sectional. SETTING: A medical center, a National Cancer Institute-designated comprehensive cancer center, and various social organizations and barbershops in a midwestern city of the United States. SAMPLE: A purposive sample of African American women (n = 65) and African American men (n = 64) aged 50 years and older. METHODS: Participants completed a self-administered survey. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Cultural identity, CRC beliefs, family support, and informed decision. FINDINGS: Family support was positively related to CRC beliefs among participants, and CRC beliefs were positively related to an informed decision. However, among men, family support positively related to an informed decision about CRC screening. In addition, t-test results indicated that the men and women were significantly different. Family support predicted CRC beliefs among men (p < 0.01) and women (p < 0.01). CRC beliefs predicted CRC screening informed decisions among men (p < 0.01) and women (p < 0.05). However, the accounted variance was dissimilar, suggesting a difference in the impact of the predictors among the men and women. CONCLUSIONS: Family support has a significant impact on CRC beliefs about CRC screening among African Americans. However, how men and women relate to the variables differs. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: To improve CRC screening rates, informed decision-making interventions for African Americans should differ for men and women and address family support, CRC beliefs, and elements of cultural identity.

Family Adaptability and Cohesion and High Blood Pressure among Urban African American women.

African American women are at greater risk for complications related to high blood pressure. This study examined relationships between high blood pressure, pulse pressure, body mass index, family adaptability, family cohesion and social support among 146 Urban African American women. Significant relationships were found between family adaptability and systolic blood pressure (p = .03) and between adaptability and pulse pressure (p ≤ .01). Based on study results, practitioners should routinely assess family functioning, specifically family adaptability, in African American women who are at risk for high blood pressure or diagnosed with high blood pressure to minimize complications associated with hypertension.