ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The arterial vascularization of the pineal gland (PG) remains a debatable subject. This study aims to provide detailed information about the arterial vascularization of the PG. METHODS: Thirty adult human brains were obtained from routine autopsies. Cerebral arteries were separately cannulated and injected with colored latex. The dissections were carried out using a surgical microscope. The diameters of the branches supplying the PG at their origin and vascularization areas of the branches of the arteries were investigated. RESULTS: The main artery of the PG was the lateral pineal artery, and it originated from the posterior circulation. The other arteries included the medial pineal artery from the posterior circulation and the rostral pineal artery mainly from the anterior circulation. Posteromedial choroidal artery was an important artery that branched to the PG. The arterial supply to the PG was studied comprehensively considering the debate and inadequacy of previously published studies on this issue available in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: This anatomical knowledge may be helpful for surgical treatment of pathologies of the PG, especially in children who develop more pathology in this region than adults.
Subject(s)
Cerebral Arteries/anatomy & histology , Pineal Gland/blood supply , Cadaver , HumansABSTRACT
Anomalies of the brachial plexus have previously been described in the literature. The coracobrachialis muscle is typically innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve. During a gross anatomy dissection we found that the coracobrachialis muscle was innervated by a branch from the lateral root of the median nerve. Knowledge of the anatomical variations of the peripheral nervous system is important in interpreting unusual clinical presentations. This report will assist clinicians and surgeons by pointing out anatomical anomalies associated with the musculocutaneous nerve, the median nerve and their branches to the anterior compartment muscles of the upper arm.