Continuous Epidural Analgesia (CEA) via Single Catheter Providing Profound Analgesia for Pediatric Patients Following Posterior Spinal Fusion (PSF) in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS).

INTRODUCTION: Posterior spinal fusion (PSF) is a commonly performed orthopedic procedure to correct scoliosis in children. Continuous epidural analgesia (CEA) is a proposed means of providing analgesia following PSF. Whether a single epidural catheter with the tip in the upper thorax can provide adequate analgesia for PSF, which often spans the upper thoracic to lower lumbar regions, is unresolved in the literature. METHOD: In this single-center, retrospective study, we reviewed 69 consecutive patients undergoing PSF for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) with CEA at our institution from October 1, 2020 to May 26, 2022. Data for the entire cohort was divided into two time intervals before and after epidural removal, group epidural (Epi) and group no epidural (No Epi). Daily intravenous and oral opioid morphine equivalents per kilogram (OME/kg) plus mean and maximal visual analogue pain scores (VAS 0-10) were recorded from post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) discharge to the end of postoperative day (POD) three.  Results: 57 patients were included in the study. Opioid usage was 4.5 times greater in the 19 hours following removal of the epidural catheter when compared to the entire period (mean 65 hours) the epidural was in place (Group Epi 0.154 OME/kg vs Group No Epi 0.690 OME/kg, p<0.001). 51% (29/57) of patients did not require opioids (intravenous or oral) while the epidural was in place, all patients required opioids after epidural removal. Mean opioid usage while the epidural was in place was 9.3 OME, equivalent to approximately 6 mg of oxycodone. Mean and maximum pain scores increased significantly after removal of the epidural on POD 3 (mean pain score: Epi 3.4 (1.8) vs No Epi 4.1 (1.7); p<0.001) (max pain score: Epi 4.9 (2.5) vs No Epi 6.3 (2.1); p<0.001).  Conclusions: This is the first study we are aware of to report pain scores and cumulative opioid requirements for PSF patients receiving CEA with a single epidural catheter before and after epidural removal. Opioid usage increased over four times in the 19 hours after epidural removal compared to the total opioid requirements while the epidural was infusing. Mean and maximum pain scores increased significantly after removal of the epidural on POD 3. This study firmly establishes that CEA with a single epidural catheter can provide profound analgesia for patients having PSF for AIS.

The single portal percutaneous epiphysiodesis technique for treatment of leg length inequality stops growth as expected.

One technique for distal femur and proximal tibia epiphysiodesis to treat leg length inequality is a single-incision percutaneous technique using reamers and curettes. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the efficacy and reliability of this technique by quantifying the growth arrest produced from this method. Patients who underwent distal femur and proximal tibia epiphysiodesis with a single-incision percutaneous technique were retrospectively reviewed. Using scanogram data, derivative formulas of both the multiplier and arithmetic methods were used to predict bone length after physeal arrest at maturity. Patients included had at least 2-year follow-up after surgery. Predicted bone lengths were then compared to actual bone lengths obtained via scanogram at final follow-up. A total of 46 patients were included in the study (27 males; 19 females). Average age at surgery was: males 14.5 years, females 12.4 years. Surgery was performed on 40 distal femurs and 25 proximal tibias. Postoperative femurs demonstrated an actual mean length of 44.75 cm. Predicted femur bone lengths utilizing the multiplier and arithmetic methods were 45.08 and 44.08 cm, respectively. Postoperative tibias demonstrated an actual mean length of 38.12 cm. Predicted tibia lengths utilizing the multiplier and arithmetic method were 38.30 and 38.02 cm. No significance was found between actual and predicted bone lengths for both tibias and femurs. This study demonstrates that a single-incision percutaneous epiphysiodesis technique reliably arrests the growth as expected. Surgeons can confidently and accurately employ this technique to successfully treat leg length inequality.

A New Low Dose of Tranexamic Acid for Decreasing the Rate of Blood Loss in Posterior Spinal Fusion for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have demonstrated that the use of tranexamic acid (TXA) reduces blood loss and transfusion requirements in children undergoing scoliosis surgery. Although TXA is safe and effective, significant adverse events have been reported. Using the lowest effective dose of TXA is advisable. We evaluated a new low dosing regimen for TXA based on an improved pharmacokinetic model and therapeutic plasma concentration. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of this new low dosing regimen in reducing blood loss and transfusion requirements in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis undergoing posterior spinal fusion when compared with a control group who did not receive TXA. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 90 consecutive patients with idiopathic scoliosis undergoing posterior spinal fusion at our institution from 2017 to 2020. Forty patients received TXA at the new dosing regimen (10 mg/kg load, 5 mg/kg/h infusion) and 50 patients were in the non-TXA control group. The same 2 orthopaedic surgeons, working as a team, performed all surgical procedures. We assessed the use of TXA as an independent risk factor for estimated blood loss and transfusion requirement after adjusting for age, surgical duration, body mass index, major coronal curve, and sex. RESULTS: A comparison of the intraoperative cumulative blood loss in the 2 groups showed a significantly lower blood loss in the TXA group. (583.5±272.0 vs. 479.5±288.7 mL, P=0.03) This difference persisted when blood loss was calculated as percent of total blood volume and per vertebral level. Transfusion requirements were lower in the TXA group (4/50 patients vs. 0/40 patients, P=0.13). No patient in the TXA group required a blood transfusion during their hospitalization. CONCLUSION: This study is the first to provide evidence that a new low dosing regimen of TXA can significantly reduce blood loss and transfusion requirements for idiopathic scoliosis patients and supports the need for a prospective, randomized clinical trial to confirm these findings. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III-retrospective cohort study.

Early Bony Hip Reconstructive Surgery for Hip Subluxation in Children With Severe Cerebral Palsy.

Hip subluxation occurs frequently in children with severe cerebral palsy. This retrospective study examined the effects of age and type of bony surgery on radiographic outcomes of children with severe cerebral palsy who were treated for hip subluxation. The study included nonambulatory children with cerebral palsy undergoing bony hip reconstructive surgery consisting of proximal femoral varus derotational osteotomy (VDRO) alone or combined with pelvic osteotomy. The migration index was recorded for preoperative, postoperative, and final follow-up (minimum 2 years) radiographs. Failure was defined as subsequent bony hip reconstructive surgery or final follow-up migration index greater than 50%. Seventy-seven hips in 40 patients younger than 6 years (55 VDRO alone, 22 combined) and 73 hips in 43 patients older than 6 years (27 VDRO alone, 46 combined) met inclusion criteria. For VDRO alone, the failure rate for patients younger than 6 years (33%) was significantly higher than for patients older than 6 years (7%). For combined procedures, failure rates between younger (0%) and older groups (9%) were not significantly different. Patients younger than 6 years undergoing combined procedures started with a significantly worse migration index than patients undergoing VDRO alone, 72% vs 46%, yet had significantly better final migration indices of 13% vs 31%, respectively. For surgeons performing bony reconstructive surgery to treat hip subluxation in younger children with severe cerebral palsy who are nonambulatory, the findings of this study support the use of combined VDRO and pelvic osteotomy. [Orthopedics. 2021;44(2):e294-e300.].

Secondary Surgery Rates After Primary Fusion for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis.

Instrumented spinal fusion is the gold standard treatment for surgical magnitude adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), with the goal being stable fusion without the need for additional procedures. The purpose of this study was to define the surgical return rates of AIS at a single center with respect to various instrumentation constructs used during initial spinal fusion. A retrospective chart review was performed of all patients with AIS who underwent instrumented fusion with a minimum of 2-year follow-up. Demographic information, implant type, and surgical approach for the primary surgery and all subsequent secondary operations were recorded. Four hundred eleven patients who underwent instrumented fusion for AIS during the study period met inclusion criteria. Sixty-six secondary operations were performed in 50 patients (12.2%). Symptomatic hardware, pseudarthrosis, and infection were the most common indications for secondary surgery. Posterior pedicle screw constructs had a lower secondary surgery rate (5.8%) compared with hybrid and combined fusions (P<.05). The all hook, hybrid, anterior only, and combined fusions had secondary surgery rates of 13.0%, 18.5%, 10.0%, and 20.8%, respectively, which were not statistically different. When specifically comparing pedicle screw with hook constructs, there was a statistically lower pseudarthrosis rate (P=.03) favoring pedicle screw instrumentation. Patients undergoing instrumented fusion for AIS are at some risk for subsequent surgery. To lessen that risk, pedicle screw constructs should be considered, as they have shown an overall lower secondary surgery rate and in particular a lower rate of pseudarthrosis. [Orthopedics. 2019; 42(4):235-239.].

Lumbar spine duplication: a case report.

Duplication of the spine is a rare malformation. A neurologically intact pediatric patient with this malformation is described here. A 6-year-old girl presented to our institution for evaluation of an asymptomatic kyphotic deformity. She denied weakness, sensory changes, and bowel or bladder complaints. Physical examination revealed mild kyphosis at the thoracolumbar junction with normal gait and neurologic function. Radiographs demonstrated duplication of the lumbar spine and sacrum. Computed tomography, MRI, and abdominal ultrasound results are reported. As she is neurologically normal, we will continue to observe this patient and intervene in the case of development of neurologic impairment or worsening kyphosis.

Prescription histories and dose strengths associated with overdose deaths.

OBJECTIVE: Misuse, abuse, and diversion of prescription drugs are large and growing public health problems that have resulted in an overdose epidemic. We investigated whether short-acting or extended-release opioids were more frequently prescribed to those who died of an overdose and whether there was a linear relationship between dose strength and associated overdose deaths. METHODS: The study population was North Carolina residents in 2010. We conducted a retrospective, population-based, descriptive study of medication histories of overdose decedents using data from vital statistics, medical examiner records, and a prescription drug monitoring program. RESULTS: Unintentional or undetermined drug overdoses were responsible for 892 deaths. Out of 191 deaths involving methadone, only two were patients in opioid treatment programs. Immediate-release oxycodone was involved in the greatest number of opioid-related deaths. Out of 221 oxycodone deaths, 134 (61%) of the decedents filled a prescription for oxycodone in the 60 days prior to death. The most common strength dispensed within 60 days to a decedent who died of an oxycodone overdose was 10 mg for immediate-release (72 prescriptions). Immediate-release oxycodone products (rho = 1.00, P < 0.01) and extended-release fentanyl products (rho = 1.00, P < 0.01) showed strong increasing linear trends between dose strength and proportion of prescriptions dispensed to decedents. CONCLUSIONS: A significant proportion of overdose decedents had been prescribed the same type of drugs that contributed to their death, especially for decedents who died from overdoses involving oxycodone, hydrocodone, and alprazolam. Higher dose strengths for certain opioids had higher associated mortality, and certain immediate-release opioids may be considered for public health prevention efforts.

The North Carolina Controlled Substances Reporting System: a valuable tool for combating prescription drug misuse.

Prescription drug misuse is a growing problem that is resulting in increased morbidity and mortality throughout the United States. The North Carolina Controlled Substances Reporting System has proven to be an effective tool that allows health care providers to make more informed decisions when they prescribe or dispense controlled substances.

The use of postoperative subcutaneous closed suction drainage after posterior spinal fusion in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this prospective study was to assess the impact of closed suction drainage on transfusion requirements, frequency of dressing changes, and wound healing following posterior spinal fusion in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. METHODS Thirty patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups: drain or no drain. Although the group with drains received more postoperative autologous blood transfusions than the group with no drains (0.88 vs 0.5 unit), the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.2131). In the undrained group, 58% of the patients had moderate to completely saturated dressings on the second postoperative day compared with only 17% of patients in the drained group. Three of 12 patients in the undrained group demonstrated a wound complication rate compared with no complications in the drained group. CONCLUSION In conclusion, subcutaneous closed suction drainage can improve immediate postoperative wound care without significantly increasing blood loss and transfusion requirements for patients undergoing surgery for idiopathic scoliosis.