[Controversial Issues in Economic Evaluation (III): health Care Interventions in Special Situations]. / Cuestiones controvertidas en evaluación económica (III). Intervenciones sanitarias en tres situaciones especiales: enfermedades raras, tratamientos al final de la vida y externalidades en las evaluaciones.

The development of the economic evaluation of health care interventions has become a support tool in making decisions on pricing and reimbursement of new health interventions. The increasingly extensive application of these techniques has led to the identification of particular situations in which, for various reasons, it may be reasonable to take into account special considerations when applying the general principles of economic evaluation. In this article, which closes a series of three, we will discuss, using the Metaplan technique, about the economic evaluation of health interventions in special situations such as rare diseases and end of life treatments, as well as consideration of externalities in assessments, finally pointing out some research areas to solve the main problems identified in these fields.

[Controversial Issues in Economic Evaluation (II): health Outcomes of Health Care Interventions]. / Cuestiones controvertidas en evaluación económica (II): medidas de resultado en salud de las intervenciones sanitarias.

In this second article of a series of three, we will discuss using the Metaplan technique on controversial issues of health outcomes in economic evaluation of health care interventions. The four-discussion areas focus on: choice of health outcomes measures, where any outcome measure is superior to another; extrapolation and transferability of health outcomes measures, which should not be assumed the results of an EEIS of one country to another without making certain adjustments; appropriate instruments to measure quality of life in Spain, where the EQ-5D was indicated as convenient due to its widespread international use; and, indirect comparisons, where the combination of both comparisons, direct and indirect, it would be advisable if the test for indirect estimates is consistent and has been validated. Finally, research lines to try to overcome the identified discrepancies were identified in each of these areas, some of those are: doing studies of correlation between scores of specific and generic instruments measuring quality of life; update or create a database of economic evaluations in Spain; estimating utilities for the Spanish population by existing generic and specific instruments; or, establish a common way to show the results of a meta-analysis network.

Cuestiones controvertidas en evaluación económica (III): Intervenciones sanitarias en tres situaciones especiales: Enfermedades raras, tratamientos al final de la vida y externalidades en las evaluaciones / Controversial Issues in Economic Evaluation (III): Health Care Interventions in Special Situations

El desarrollo de la evaluación económica de intervenciones sanitarias se ha convertido en una herramienta de apoyo en la toma decisiones sobre financiación pública y fijación de precios de nuevas intervenciones sanitarias. La aplicación cada vez más extensiva de estas técnicas ha llevado a la identificación de situaciones particulares en las que, por diversas razones, podría ser razonable tener en cuenta consideraciones especiales a la hora de aplicar los principios generales de evaluación. En este artículo, que cierra una serie de tres, debatiremos, empleando la técnica Metaplan, sobre la evaluación económica en tres situaciones especiales: las enfermedades raras y los tratamientos al final de la vida, así como la consideración de las externalidades en las evaluaciones, apuntando finalmente algunas líneas de investigación futuras para resolver los principales problemas identificados en estos ámbitos (AU)

The development of the economic evaluation of health care interventions has become a support tool in making decisions on pricing and reimbursement of new health interventions. The increasingly extensive application of these techniques has led to the identification of particular situations in which, for various reasons, it may be reasonable to take into account special considerations when applying the general principles of economic evaluation. In this article, which closes a series of three, we will discuss, using the Metaplan technique, about the economic evaluation of health interventions in special situations such as rare diseases and end of life treatments, as well as consideration of externalities in assessments, finally pointing out some research areas to solve the main problems identified in these fields (AU)

Cuestiones controvertidas en evaluación económica (II): Medidas de resultado en salud de las intervenciones sanitarias / Controversial issues in economic evaluation (II): Health outcomes of health care interventions

En este segundo artículo, de una serie de tres, debatiremos, empleando la técnica Metaplan, sobre cuestiones controvertidas de las medidas de resultado en salud en la evaluación económica de intervenciones sanitarias (EEIS). Las cuatro áreas de debate se centraron en: elección de las medidas de resultado en salud: en abstracto ninguna medida es superior a otra. Extrapolación y transferibilidad de las medidas de resultado en salud: los resultados de una EEIS de un país no deberían ser asumidos en otro sin realizar ciertos ajustes de distinto tipo. Instrumentos adecuados para medir la calidad de vida en España: se apuntó el EQ-5D como conveniente debido a su extendido uso internacional. Y comparaciones indirectas: la combinación de ambas comparaciones, directas e indirectas, sería recomendable si la prueba para las estimaciones indirectas fue consistente y estaba validada. Finalmente, se proponen líneas de investigación para tratar de superar las discrepancias identificadas en cada una de estas áreas, entre las cuáles se encuentran: la realización de estudios de correlación entre puntuaciones de instrumentos específicos y genéricos de medición de calidad de vida, actualizar o crear una base de datos de evaluaciones económicas realizadas en España, la estimación de los conjuntos de utilidades de la población española para instrumentos genéricos y específicos preexistentes o bien, establecer una manera común de mostrar los resultados de un meta-análisis en red (AU)

In this second article of a series of three, we will discuss using the Metaplan technique on controversial issues of health outcomes in economic evaluation of health care interventions. The four-discussion areas focus on: choice of health outcomes measures, where any outcome measure is superior to another; extrapolation and transferability of health outcomes measures, which should not be assumed the results of an EEIS of one country to another without making certain adjustments; appropriate instruments to measure quality of life in Spain, where the EQ-5D was indicated as convenient due to its widespread international use; and, indirect comparisons, where the combination of both comparisons, direct and indirect, it would be advisable if the test for indirect estimates is consistent and has been validated. Finally, research lines to try to overcome the identified discrepancies were identified in each of these areas, some of those are: doing studies of correlation between scores of specific and generic instruments measuring quality of life; update or create a database of economic evaluations in Spain; estimating utilities for the Spanish population by existing generic and specific instruments; or, establish a common way to show the results of a meta-analysis network (AU)

The use of cost per life year gained as a measurement of cost-effectiveness in Spain: a systematic review of recent publications.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the methodological characteristics of cost-effectiveness evaluations carried out in Spain, since 1990, which include LYG as an outcome to measure the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. METHODS: A systematic review of published studies was conducted describing their characteristics and methodological quality. We analyse the cost per LYG results in relation with a commonly accepted Spanish cost-effectiveness threshold and the possible relation with the cost per quality adjusted life year (QALY) gained when they both were calculated for the same economic evaluation. RESULTS: A total of 62 economic evaluations fulfilled the selection criteria, 24 of them including the cost per QALY gained result as well. The methodological quality of the studies was good (55%) or very good (26%). A total of 124 cost per LYG results were obtained with a mean ratio of 49,529 and a median of 11,490 (standard deviation of 183,080). Since 2003, a commonly accepted Spanish threshold has been referenced by 66% of studies. A significant correlation was found between the cost per LYG and cost per QALY gained results (0.89 Spearman-Rho, 0.91 Pearson). CONCLUSIONS: There is an increasing interest for economic health care evaluations in Spain, and the quality of the studies is also improving. Although a commonly accepted threshold exists, further information is needed for decision-making as well as to identify the relationship between the costs per LYG and per QALY gained.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of HLA-B*5701 typing in the prevention of hypersensitivity to abacavir in HIV+ patients in Spain

Introduction Approximately 4% to 8% of patients with HIV-1 treated with abacavir present a hypersensitivity reaction (HSR). Various studies have shown a direct association between human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B*5701 and HSR to abacavir. The objective of this study was to analyze whether systematic HLA-B*5701 testing to prevent HSR in patients treated with abacavir is a cost-effective option for the Spanish National Health System .Methods An analytical decision-making model was constructed as a decision tree model for a simulated cohort of 1000 HIV patients to evaluate whether HLA-B*5701 testing to prevent HSR to abacavir was cost effective compared with not performing the test. The parameters included in the model and the use of healthcare resources should the patient develop HSR were taken from the PREDICT-1 study and the opinion of clinical experts. The principal result obtained was the incremental cost per HSR avoided. The time horizon of the analysis was 6 months. All costs were expressed in 2008 Euros. Results The analysis showed that the total direct healthcare costs per patient were €1344 and €1322 with and without HLA-B*5701 testing respectively, and that 36 cases of HSR were prevented per 1000 screened patients. These results yielded a cost per HSR avoided of €630. The sensitivity analysis showed that the results were sensitive to the cost of the test, with an economic saving of €102 or a cost-effectiveness ratio of €4234. Conclusions The model predicts that generalized use of the HLA-B*5701 test before prescribing abacavir in HIV+ patients could represent an economic saving or a limited additional cost for the National Health System which may be counterbalanced by the benefits in terms of a lower incidence of HSR (AU)

Introducción Aproximadamente el 4–8% de los pacientes con VIH-1 tratados con abacavir presentan una reacción de hipersensibilidad (RHS). Diversos estudios han mostrado que existe una asociación directa entre el antígeno leucocitario humano (HLA)-B*5701 y la RHS a abacavir. El objetivo del presente estudio ha sido analizar si la realización sistemática del test HLA-B*5701 para prevenir la RHS en los pacientes tratados con abacavir es una opción coste-efectiva para el Sistema Nacional de Salud (SNS) español. Métodos Se realizó un modelo analítico de decisiones mediante un modelo de árbol de decisión para simular una cohorte de 1.000 pacientes con VIH en el que se comparó si la realización del test HLA-B*5701 para prevenir la RHS al tratamiento con abacavir era una opción coste-efectiva versus no realizar el test. Los parámetros introducidos en el modelo así como el uso de recursos sanitarios en caso de que el paciente desarrollase una RHS provenían del estudio PREDICT-1 y de la opinión de expertos clínicos. El resultado principal del studio fue el coste incremental por RHS evitada. El horizonte temporal del análisis fue de 6 meses. Todos los costes se expresaron en euros del año 2008.Resultados El análisis demostró que los costes sanitarios directos totales por paciente fueron 1.344 € y 1.322 € al realizar o no el test HLA-B*5701, respectivamente, evitando unos 36 casos de RHS por cada 1.000 pacientes cribados. Estos resultados dieron lugar a una razón de coste por RHS evitada de 630 €. El análisis de sensibilidad mostró que los resultados fueron sensibles al coste del test produciendo desde un ahorro económico de 102 € hasta una razón coste-efectividad de 4.234 €. Conclusiones (..) (AU)

Cost-effectiveness analysis of HLA-B*5701 typing in the prevention of hypersensitivity to abacavir in HIV+ patients in Spain.

INTRODUCTION: Approximately 4% to 8% of patients with HIV-1 treated with abacavir present a hypersensitivity reaction (HSR). Various studies have shown a direct association between human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B*5701 and HSR to abacavir. The objective of this study was to analyze whether systematic HLA-B*5701 testing to prevent HSR in patients treated with abacavir is a cost-effective option for the Spanish National Health System. METHODS: An analytical decision-making model was constructed as a decision tree model for a simulated cohort of 1000 HIV patients to evaluate whether HLA-B*5701 testing to prevent HSR to abacavir was cost effective compared with not performing the test. The parameters included in the model and the use of healthcare resources should the patient develop HSR were taken from the PREDICT-1 study and the opinion of clinical experts. The principal result obtained was the incremental cost per HSR avoided. The time horizon of the analysis was to 2 months [corrected] . All costs were expressed in 2008 Euros. RESULTS: The analysis showed that the total direct healthcare costs per patient were €1344 and €1322 with and without HLA-B*5701 testing respectively, and that 36 cases of HSR were prevented per 1000 screened patients. These results yielded a cost per HSR avoided of €630. The sensitivity analysis showed that the results were sensitive to the cost of the test, with an economic saving of €102 or a cost-effectiveness ratio of €4234. CONCLUSIONS: The model predicts that generalized use of the HLA-B*5701 test before prescribing abacavir in HIV+ patients could represent an economic saving or a limited additional cost for the National Health System which may be counterbalanced by the benefits in terms of a lower incidence of HSR.