Subject(s)
Carbon Dioxide/analysis , Freezing/adverse effects , Global Warming/statistics & numerical data , Methane/analysis , Permafrost/chemistry , Permafrost/microbiology , Soil Microbiology , Animals , Arctic Regions , Carbon Dioxide/metabolism , Carbon Sequestration , Greenhouse Effect/statistics & numerical data , Greenhouse Gases/analysis , Greenhouse Gases/metabolism , Greenland , Methane/metabolism , Microbiota , Models, Biological , Permafrost/virology , Russia , Svalbard , SwedenSubject(s)
Culicidae/growth & development , Animals , Animals, Laboratory , Cryopreservation , Culicidae/embryologySubject(s)
Desensitization, Immunologic/methods , Hypersensitivity/therapy , Animals , Humans , Mice , NanoparticlesABSTRACT
How a nucleus is positioned within a highly polarized postmitotic animal cell is not well understood. In this work, we demonstrate that the Dynactin complex (a regulator of the microtubule motor protein Dynein) is required to maintain the position of the nucleus within post-mitotic Drosophila melanogaster photoreceptor neurons. We show that multiple independent disruptions of Dynactin function cause a relocation of the photoreceptor nucleus toward the brain, and that inhibiting Dynactin causes the photoreceptor to acquire a bipolar appearance with long leading and trailing processes. We find that while the minus-end directed motor Dynein cooperates with Dynactin in positioning the photoreceptor nucleus, the plus-end directed microtubule motor Kinesin acts antagonistically to Dynactin. These data suggest that the maintenance of photoreceptor nuclear position depends on a balance of plus-end and minus-end directed microtubule motor function.
