ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) in young people aged 1 to 50 years often occurs with no presenting symptoms or risk factors prompting screening for cardiovascular disease prior to their cardiac arrest. Approximately 3,000 young Australians suffer from sudden cardiac death (SCD) each year, making this a major public health issue. However, there is significant variation in the way incidence is estimated resulting in discrepancy across reporting which impacts our ability to understand and prevent these devastating events. We describe the New South Wales (NSW) Sudden Cardiac Arrest Registry: a retrospective, data linkage study which will identify all SCAs in the young in NSW from 2009 through to June 2022. OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence, demographic characteristics and causes of SCA in young people. We will develop an NSW-based registry that will contribute to a greater understanding of SCA including risk factors and outcomes. METHODS: The cohort will include all people who experience a SCA in the NSW community aged between 1 to 50 years. Cases will be identified using the following three datasets: the Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest Register housed at NSW Ambulance, the NSW Emergency Department Data Collection, and the National Coronial Information System. Data from eight datasets will be collected, anonymised and linked for the entire cohort. Analysis will be undertaken and reported using descriptive statistics. CONCLUSIONS: The NSW SCA registry will be an important resource for the improved understanding of SCA and inform the widespread impacts it has on individuals, their families and society.
Subject(s)
Death, Sudden, Cardiac , Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest , Humans , Adolescent , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Young Adult , Adult , Middle Aged , Cohort Studies , New South Wales/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Australia , Death, Sudden, Cardiac/epidemiology , Death, Sudden, Cardiac/etiology , Registries , Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest/epidemiology , Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest/etiology , Information Storage and RetrievalABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Sudden death during sport is a rare but devastating event. Previous research has mostly focused on sudden deaths in young competitive athletes. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to characterize the demographics and etiologies of sudden cardiac death during sport in Australia. METHODS: All autopsies conducted at our forensic medicine facility between 2006 and 2015 inclusive were reviewed. Sporting-related deaths among those 7-65 years of age were identified. Data collected included subject height, weight, gender, circumstances of death, and pathologic findings at autopsy. RESULTS: A total of 19,740 autopsies were completed in the study period: 12,395 in subjects age 18-65 years (adults) and 385 in subjects age 7-17 years (children). There were 201 sports-related adult deaths at an incidence rate of 0.76-1.49 per 100,000 participant-years. Of the deaths, 74% were witnessed. Of the adult cases, 68% (n = 136) were due to cardiac causes, with coronary artery disease the most frequent cause (n = 90 [45%]). Structural abnormalities were common in adult cardiac deaths; 51 (38%) had cardiac weight ≥500 g, and 75 (55%) had left ventricular wall thickness >15 mm. Of the 15 child deaths, 5 (33%) were arrhythmogenic or presumed arrhythmic, and 5 (33%) were inherited cardiomyopathies (2 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 3 arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy). CONCLUSION: Sudden cardiac death during sport is rare. Deaths are mostly due to coronary artery disease in adults and cardiomyopathy or arrhythmia in children. Because the majority of sports deaths are witnessed, they present an opportunity to enhance outcomes by cardiopulmonary resuscitation training and increased availability of automated external defibrillators at sports venues.
