ABSTRACT
A green approach has been used for co-crystallization of noncongruent co-crystal pair of caffeine/maleic acid using water. Ultrasound is known to affect crystallization; hence, the effect of high power ultrasound on the ternary phase diagram has been investigated in detail using a slurry co-crystallization approach. A systematic investigation was performed to understand how the accelerated conditions during ultrasound-assisted co-crystallization will affect different regions of the ternary phase diagram. Application of ultrasound showed considerable effect on the ternary phase diagram, principally on caffeine/maleic acid 2:1 (disappeared) and 1:1 co-crystal (narrowed) regions. Also, the stability regions for pure caffeine and maleic acid in water were narrowed in the presence of ultrasound, expanding the solution region. The observed effect of ultrasound on the phase diagram was correlated with solubility of caffeine and maleic acid and stability of co-crystal forms in water.
Subject(s)
Caffeine/chemistry , Crystallization/methods , Maleates/chemistry , Sonication/methods , Caffeine/chemical synthesis , Green Chemistry Technology/methods , Maleates/chemical synthesis , Phase Transition , Solubility , Water/chemistryABSTRACT
Animal studies elucidating the neurobiology of fragile X syndrome (FXS) have led to multiple controlled trials in humans, with the Aberrant Behavior Checklist-Community (ABC-C) commonly adopted as a primary outcome measure. A multi-site collaboration examined the psychometric properties of the ABC-C in 630 individuals (ages 3-25) with FXS using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Results support a six-factor structure, with one factor unchanged (Inappropriate Speech), four modified (Irritability, Hyperactivity, Lethargy/Withdrawal, and Stereotypy), and a new Social Avoidance factor. A comparison with ABC-C data from individuals with general intellectual disability and a list of commonly endorsed items are also reported. Reformulated ABC-C scores based on this FXS-specific factor structure may provide added outcome measure specificity and sensitivity in FXS clinical trials.
Subject(s)
Checklist , Child Behavior Disorders/diagnosis , Child Behavior Disorders/therapy , Fragile X Syndrome/diagnosis , Fragile X Syndrome/therapy , Personality Assessment/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Child , Child Behavior Disorders/genetics , Child Behavior Disorders/psychology , Child, Preschool , DNA Mutational Analysis , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Female , Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein/genetics , Fragile X Syndrome/genetics , Fragile X Syndrome/psychology , Humans , Intellectual Disability/diagnosis , Intellectual Disability/psychology , Intellectual Disability/therapy , Male , Outcome Assessment, Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Psychometrics/statistics & numerical data , Psychotropic Drugs/therapeutic use , Reproducibility of Results , Social Adjustment , Young AdultABSTRACT
A quantitative method for typing psychopathology of youngsters with mental retardation was assessed. Parents of 601 students in special educational placements rated them with the ABC. The sample was randomly divided into two subgroups. We used Ward's hierarchical method of cluster analysis and derived eight clusters in Subsample 1 and satisfactory agreement, kappa =.64, for the eight-cluster solution in Subsample 2. Clusters were: Problem Free, Within Normal Limits, Conduct Problem, Shy/Inactive, Hyperactive, Social Withdrawal With Agitation, Undifferentiated Behavior Disturbance, and Autistic-Like Behavior. We also used demographic (age, gender, IQ, physical handicaps) and clinical variables (DSM diagnoses and target behaviors) extracted from school records of 228 participants to appraise validity of the empirically derived clusters. The external data provided modest to strong support for all except one cluster (Social Withdrawal With Agitation).
Subject(s)
Child Behavior Disorders/classification , Intellectual Disability/diagnosis , Mental Disorders/classification , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child Behavior Disorders/diagnosis , Comorbidity , Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Female , Humans , Mental Disorders/diagnosis , PsychopathologyABSTRACT
The parents of 601 children and adolescents, responding to a mail survey, rated their children on the Aberrant Behavior Checklist-Community (ABC-C). Factor analysis of ABC-C ratings revealed a factor structure that was similar to the original ABC but without the fifth factor (Inappropriate Speech). Coefficients of congruence were moderate to large for the four-factor model, and alpha coefficients were moderate to high when the original item assignment was imposed. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a modest level of fit with the traditional method of scoring the ABC and acceptable fit when the items were coded for occurrence (0 or 1). Analysis of subject variables revealed main effects for gender on one subscale (Hyperactivity), main effects for age on two subscales (Irritability; Hyperactivity), and one main effect for classroom assignment on the Stereotypic Behavior subscale. Normative data for parent ratings were presented by age and gender combined, gender alone, and age alone. With some qualifications, the ABC-C appears to be valid for assessing children in special educational settings, although further research is needed on the ABC's factor structure in this population.
