Ecological Civilisation and Amphibian Sustainability through Reproduction Biotechnologies, Biobanking, and Conservation Breeding Programs (RBCs).

Intergenerational justice entitles the maximum retention of Earth's biodiversity. The 2022 United Nations COP 15, "Ecological Civilisation: Building a Shared Future for All Life on Earth", is committed to protecting 30% of Earth's terrestrial environments and, through COP 28, to mitigate the effects of the climate catastrophe on the biosphere. We focused this review on three core themes: the need and potential of reproduction biotechnologies, biobanks, and conservation breeding programs (RBCs) to satisfy sustainability goals; the technical state and current application of RBCs; and how to achieve the future potentials of RBCs in a rapidly evolving environmental and cultural landscape. RBCs include the hormonal stimulation of reproduction, the collection and storage of sperm and oocytes, and artificial fertilisation. Emerging technologies promise the perpetuation of species solely from biobanked biomaterials stored for perpetuity. Despite significant global declines and extinctions of amphibians, and predictions of a disastrous future for most biodiversity, practical support for amphibian RBCs remains limited mainly to a few limited projects in wealthy Western countries. We discuss the potential of amphibian RBCs to perpetuate amphibian diversity and prevent extinctions within multipolar geopolitical, cultural, and economic frameworks. We argue that a democratic, globally inclusive organisation is needed to focus RBCs on regions with the highest amphibian diversity. Prioritisation should include regional and international collaborations, community engagement, and support for RBC facilities ranging from zoos and other institutions to those of private carers. We tabulate a standard terminology for field programs associated with RBCs for publication and media consistency.

ChatGPT-4 Can Help Hand Surgeons Communicate Better With Patients.

The American Society for Surgery of the Hand and British Society for Surgery of the Hand produce patient-focused information above the sixth-grade readability recommended by the American Medical Association. To promote health equity, patient-focused content should be aimed at an appropriate level of health literacy. Artificial intelligence-driven large language models may be able to assist hand surgery societies in improving the readability of the information provided to patients. The readability was calculated for all the articles written in English on the American Society for Surgery of the Hand and British Society for Surgery of the Hand websites, in terms of seven of the commonest readability formulas. Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer version 4 (ChatGPT-4) was then asked to rewrite each article at a sixth-grade readability level. The readability for each response was calculated and compared with the unedited articles. Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer version 4 was able to improve the readability across all chosen readability formulas and was successful in achieving a mean sixth-grade readability level in terms of the Flesch Kincaid Grade Level and Simple Measure of Gobbledygook calculations. It increased the mean Flesch Reading Ease score, with higher scores representing more readable material. This study demonstrated that ChatGPT-4 can be used to improve the readability of patient-focused material in hand surgery. However, ChatGPT-4 is interested primarily in sounding natural, and not in seeking truth, and hence, each response must be evaluated by the surgeon to ensure that information accuracy is not being sacrificed for the sake of readability by this powerful tool.

The case for considering the term 'mitochondrial vesicle' as a misnomer in publications about assisted reproductive technologies (ART) for amphibians.

The term 'mitochondrial vesicle' was first used in 2003 in a description of anuran sperm and persists to this day throughout the literature on assisted reproductive technologies (ART) for amphibians. In the present paper, we argue that the term is inappropriate because the widely accepted definition of a 'vesicle' refers to an integral structure with an enclosing lipid bilayer/membrane. Moreover, there are no electron micrographs that show a vesicular structure encapsulating mitochondria on amphibian sperm heads in the literature. In fact, in 1993, the mitochondria in the anuran sperm head had been described as positioned in 'mitochondrial collars' or 'mitochondrial sheaths' surrounded by the plasma membrane of the sperm head. On the other hand, mitochondrial-derived vesicles are defined as vesicles shed from mitochondria surfaces, potentially creating confusion. Therefore, our view is that the term 'mitochondrial vesicle' should be avoided in describing the positioning of mitochondria on sperm.

Tolerance, adherence, and acceptability of a ketogenic 2.5:1 ratio, nutritionally complete, medium chain triglyceride-containing liquid feed in children and adults with drug-resistant epilepsy following a ketogenic diet.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate incorporating a ready-to-use 2.5:1 ratio liquid feed into a ketogenic diet (KD) in children and adults with drug-resistant epilepsy. METHODS: Following a three-day baseline, patients (n = 19; age: 19 years [SD 13], range: 8-46 years) followed a KD for 28 days (control period), then incorporated ≥200 mL/day of a ready-to-use liquid feed, made with a ratio of 2.5 g of fat to 1 g of protein plus carbohydrate and including medium chain triglycerides ([MCTs]; 25.6% of total fat/100 mL) for 28 days as part of their KD (intervention period). Outcome measures (control vs intervention period) included gastrointestinal (GI) tolerance, adherence to KD and intervention feed, dietary intake, blood ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration, seizure outcomes, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), acceptability and safety. RESULTS: Compared to the control period, during the intervention period, the percentage of patients reporting no GI symptoms increased (+5% [SD 5], p = 0.02); adherence to the KD prescription was similar (p = 0.92) but higher in patients (n = 5) with poor adherence (<50%) to KD during the control period (+33% [SD 26], p = 0.049); total MCT intake increased (+12.1 g/day [SD 14.0], p = 0.002), driven by increases in octanoic (C8; +8.3 g/day [SD 6.4], p < 0.001) and decanoic acid (C10; +5.4 g/day [SD 5.4], p < 0.001); KD ratio decreased (p = 0.047), driven by a nonsignificant increase in protein intake (+11 g/day [SD 44], p = 0.29); seizure outcomes were similar (p ≥ 0.63) but improved in patients (n = 6) with the worst seizure outcomes during the control period (p = 0.04); and HRQoL outcomes were similar. The intervention feed was well adhered to (96% [SD 8]) and accepted (≥88% of patients confirmed). SIGNIFICANCE: These findings provide an evidence-base to support the effective management of children and adults with drug-resistant epilepsy following a KD with the use of a ready-to-use, nutritionally complete, 2.5:1 ratio feed including MCTs. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: This study examined the use of a ready-to-use, nutritionally complete, 2.5:1 ratio (2.5 g of fat to 1 g of protein plus carbohydrate) liquid feed, including medium chain triglycerides (MCTs), into a ketogenic diet (KD) in children and adults with drug-resistant epilepsy. The results show that the 2.5:1 ratio feed was well tolerated, adhered to, and accepted in these patients. Increases in MCT intake (particularly C8 and C10) and improvements in seizure outcomes (reduced seizure burden and intensity) and KD adherence also occurred with the 2.5:1 ratio feed in patients with the worst seizures and adherence, respectively.

Cloning for the Twenty-First Century and Its Place in Endangered Species Conservation.

Cloning as it relates to the animal kingdom generally refers to the production of genetically identical individuals. Because cloning is increasingly the subject of renewed attention as a tool for rescuing endangered or extinct species, it seems timely to dissect the role of the numerous reproductive techniques encompassed by this term in animal species conservation. Although cloning is typically associated with somatic cell nuclear transfer, the recent advent of additional techniques that allow genome replication without genetic recombination demands that the use of induced pluripotent stem cells to generate gametes or embryos, as well as older methods such as embryo splitting, all be included in this discussion. Additionally, the phenomenon of natural cloning (e.g., a subset of fish, birds, invertebrates, and reptilian species that reproduce via parthenogenesis) must also be pointed out. Beyond the biology of these techniques are practical considerations and the ethics of using cloning and associated procedures in endangered or extinct species. All of these must be examined in concert to determine whether cloning has a place in species conservation. Therefore, we synthesize progress in cloning and associated techniques and dissect the practical and ethical aspects of these methods as they pertain to endangered species conservation.

A radiomic model to classify response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Medical image analysis has evolved to facilitate the development of methods for high-throughput extraction of quantitative features that can potentially contribute to the diagnostic and treatment paradigm of cancer. There is a need for further improvement in the accuracy of predictive markers of response to neo-adjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). The aim of this study was to develop a radiomic classifier to enhance current approaches to predicting the response to NAC breast cancer. METHODS: Data on patients treated for breast cancer with NAC prior to surgery who had a pre-NAC dynamic contrast enhanced breast MRI were included. Response to NAC was assessed using the Miller-Payne system on the excised tumor. Tumor segmentation was carried out manually under the supervision of a consultant breast radiologist. Features were selected using least absolute shrinkage selection operator regression. A support vector machine learning model was used to classify response to NAC. RESULTS: 74 patients were included. Patients were classified as having a poor response to NAC (reduction in cellularity < 90%, n = 44) and an excellent response (> 90% reduction in cellularity, n = 30). 4 radiomics features (discretized kurtosis, NGDLM contrast, GLZLM_SZE and GLZLM_ZP) were identified as pertinent predictors of response to NAC. A SVM model using these features stratified patients into poor and excellent response groups producing an AUC of 0.75. Addition of estrogen receptor status improved the accuracy of the model with an AUC of 0.811. CONCLUSION: This study identified a radiomic classifier incorporating 4 radiomics features to augment subtype based classification of response to NAC in breast cancer.

Preoperative Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging as a Predictor of Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy.

Introduction: The ability to accurately predict pathologic complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in breast cancer would improve patient selection for specific treatment strategies, would provide important information for patients to aid in the treatment selection process, and could potentially avoid the need for more extensive surgery. The diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in predicting pCR has previously been studied, with mixed results. Magnetic resonance imaging performance may also be influenced by tumour and patient factors. Methods: Eighty-seven breast cancer patients who underwent NAC were studied. Pre-NAC and post-NAC MRI findings were compared with pathologic findings postsurgical excision. The impact of patient and tumour characteristics on MRI accuracy was evaluated. Results: The mean (SD) age of participants was 48.7 (10.3) years. The rate of pCR based on post-NAC MRI was 19.5% overall (19/87). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value, and accuracy in predicting pCR were 52.9%, 77.1%, 36.0%, 87.1%, and 72.4%, respectively. Positive predictive value was the highest in nonluminal versus Luminal A disease (45.0% vs 25.0%, P < .001), with higher rates of false positivity in nonluminal subtypes (P = .002). Tumour grade, T category, and histological subtype were all independent predictors of MRI accuracy regarding post-NAC tumour size. Conclusion: Magnetic resonance imaging alone is insufficient to accurately predict pCR in breast cancer patients post-NAC. Magnetic resonance imaging predictions of pCR are more accurate in nonluminal subtypes. Tumour grade, T category, and histological subtype should be considered when evaluating post-NAC tumour sizes.

Synbiotic containing extensively hydrolyzed formula improves gastrointestinal and atopic symptom severity, growth, caregiver quality of life, and hospital-related healthcare use in infants with cow's milk allergy.

BACKGROUND: Healthy gut microbiota is important for prognosis in cow's milk allergy (CMA). The application of synbiotics (specific pre- and probiotics) in extensively hydrolyzed formulae (eHFs) is a relatively new concept. AIMS: To evaluate a synbiotic-containing, whey-based eHF (SeHF) with galacto-oligosaccharides, fructo-oligosaccharides, and bifidobacterium breve M-16V in infants with CMA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 31-day one-arm pilot study in 29 infants with CMA (mean age 30.8 weeks [SD 11]) was undertaken, with outcomes including gastrointestinal tolerance, atopic dermatitis symptoms, dietary intake, growth, SeHF acceptability, caregiver quality of life, and hospital-related healthcare use. RESULTS: Significant improvements (p < .05) in the severity of abdominal pain (in 57%), burping (in 46%), flatulence (in 79%), constipation (in 14%), rhinitis (41%), and itchy eyes (73%), as well as atopic dermatitis in those with severe baseline symptoms (PO-SCORAD© reduction: 34.7-18.2 (p = .003), n = 6) were observed over time. Growth and caregiver quality of life scores significantly increased (+26.7%, p < .05) over time. Hospital visits and medications significantly reduced (-1.61 and -2.23, respectively, p < .005) in the 6 months after SeHF initiation. DISCUSSION: In this small, single-arm, pilot study, the use of SeHF enhanced the management of infants with non-IgE mediated CMA who were already established on eHF. CONCLUSION: Whilst this study adds to the evidence base for the use of SeHF in CMA, further robust research to explore the longer-term benefits of synbiotics, specifically the blend used in this study, for the clinical management of infants with CMA is warranted.

Reproduction technologies for the sustainable management of Caudata (salamander) and Gymnophiona (caecilian) biodiversity.

We review the use of reproduction technologies (RTs) to support the sustainable management of threatened Caudata (salamanders) and Gymnophiona (caecilian) biodiversity in conservation breeding programs (CBPs) or through biobanking alone. The Caudata include ∼760 species with ∼55% threatened, the Gymnophiona include ∼215 species with an undetermined but substantial number threatened, with 80% of Caudata and 65% of Gymnophiona habitat unprotected. Reproduction technologies include: (1) the exogenous hormonal induction of spermatozoa, eggs, or mating, (2) in vitro fertilisation, (3) intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), (4) the refrigerated storage of spermatozoa, (5) the cryopreservation of sperm, cell or tissues, (6) cloning, and (7) gonadal tissue or cell transplantation into living amphibians to eventually produce gametes and then individuals. Exogenous hormone regimens have been applied to 11 Caudata species to stimulate mating and to 14 species to enable the collection of spermatozoa or eggs. In vitro fertilisation has been successful in eight species, spermatozoa have been cryopreserved in seven species, and in two species in vitro fertilisation with cryopreserved spermatozoa has resulted in mature reproductive adults. However, the application of RTs to Caudata needs research and development over a broader range of species. Reproduction technologies are only now being developed for Gymnophiona, with many discoveries and pioneering achievement to be made. Species with the potential for repopulation are the focus of the few currently available amphibian CBPs. As Caudata and Gymnophiona eggs or larvae cannot be cryopreserved, and the capacity of CBPs is limited, the perpetuation of the biodiversity of an increasing number of species depends on the development of RTs to recover female individuals from cryopreserved and biobanked cells or tissues.

Semen and oocyte collection, sperm cryopreservation and IVF with the threatened North American giant salamander Cryptobranchus alleganiensis.

Semen of high to moderate quality was collected following the hormonal induction of North American giant salamanders Cryptobranchus alleganiensis . Oocytes from one female yielded the first C. alleganiensis produced while maintained in aquaria under human care and the first externally fertilising salamander produced with cryopreserved spermatozoa and IVF. Further research is needed with North American giant salamanders to establish reliable techniques to produce large numbers of viable offspring, along with the application of cryopreserved spermatozoa.

Carabid beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) richness, diversity, and community structure in the understory of temporarily flooded and non-flooded Amazonian forests of Ecuador.

Although tropical regions harbor the greatest arthropod diversity on Earth, the majority of species are taxonomically and scientifically unknown. Furthermore, how they are organized into functional communities and distributed among habitats is mostly unstudied. Here we examine species richness, diversity, and community composition of carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) and compare them between flooded (FP) and non-flooded terra firme (TF) forests in the Yasuní area of Ecuador. The forest understory was sampled using flight intercept traps (FITs) and systematic hand collections at night in June and July 2011 and 2012, and FITs in October and November 2011. A total of 1,255 Carabidae representing 20 tribes, 54 genera, and 143 morphospecies was collected. Mean number of individuals and mean species richness did not differ significantly between FP and TF; however, numbers of Cicindelini (tiger beetles) and Pentagonicini were higher in TF forest while numbers of Lachnophorini and Scaritini were higher in FP forest. Overall, FP had significantly higher rarefied richness but extrapolation of rarefaction curves using the Chao1 nonparametric diversity estimator show that this difference may decrease with additional sampling. The inverse Simpson index was significantly higher for FP than TF forest. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination and dissimilarity coefficient values show that FP and TF forests maintain unique assemblages with minimal overlap in community composition. Given ongoing anthropogenic pressures, particularly petroleum extraction, and those resulting from climate change, a greater understanding of the richness, diversity and community assemblages of Yasuní rainforest are needed to better conserve the fauna of this megadiverse area of Amazonia.

Cryopreservation of spermatozoa obtained postmortem from the European common frog Rana temporaria.

Cryopreserved spermatozoa offers a reliable, efficient and cost-effective means to perpetuate the genetic variation of endangered amphibian species in concert with conservation breeding programs. Here we describe successful cryopreservation of testicular spermatozoa of the common frog Rana temporaria, preliminarily stored in the carcasses of decapitated animals at +4°C for 0, 1 and 4 days. The motility, membrane integrity and fertilisation capability of fresh testicular spermatozoa treated with cryoprotective medium supplemented with 15% dimethylformamide (DMF) or 15% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were examined. DMSO had a significantly greater toxic effect on fresh frog spermatozoa than DMF. Low levels of DNA fragmentation were seen in spermatozoa stored in the testis for different times and then treated with DMF (mean (±s.e.m.) 8.2±0.7% and 18.2±1.8% after 0 and 4 days storage respectively). After 1 day of storage in frog carcasses, the quality of spermatozoa cryopreserved with DMF was not significantly different from that of control spermatozoa (0 days of storage). After 4 days of storage, the quality of frozen-thawed spermatozoa was significantly lower in the DMF-treated than control group: 35% of the spermatozoa cryopreserved with DMF retained motility, 25% maintained the ability to fertilise fresh oocytes and 80% of fertilised oocytes survived to hatch.

Nutritional and Metabolic Characteristics of UK Adult Phenylketonuria Patients with Varying Dietary Adherence.

The nutritional and metabolic characteristics of adult phenylketonuria (PKU) patients in the UK with varying dietary adherence is unknown. In other countries, nutritional and metabolic abnormalities have been reported in nonadherent patients compared to adherent counterparts. A pooled analysis of primary baseline data from two UK multi-centre studies was therefore performed to establish whether this is true from a UK perspective. Adult PKU patients who had provided 3-day food records and amino acid blood samples were included and grouped according to dietary adherence (adherent; n = 16 vs. nonadherent; n = 14). Nonadherent patients consumed greater amounts of natural protein compared to adherent patients (61.6 ± 30.7 vs. 18.3 ± 7.7 g/day; q < 0.001). In contrast, the contribution of protein substitutes to total protein intake was lower in nonadherent compared to adherent patients (3.9 ± 9.2 g/day vs. 58.6 ± 10.2 g/day; q < 0.001). Intakes of iron, zinc, vitamin D3, magnesium, calcium, selenium, iodine, vitamin C, vitamin A and copper were significantly lower in nonadherent compared to adherent patients and were below UK Reference Nutrient Intakes. Similarly, intakes of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6 and phosphorus were significantly lower in nonadherent compared to adherent patients but met the UK Reference Nutrient Intakes. Phenylalanine concentrations in nonadherent patients were significantly higher than adherent patients (861 ± 348 vs. 464 ± 196 µmol/L; q=0.040) and fell outside of European treatment target ranges. This study shows the nutritional and metabolic consequences of deviation from phenylalanine restriction and intake of PKU protein substitutes in nonadherent adult PKU patients. Collectively, these data further underlie the importance of life-long adherence to the PKU diet.

Sperm collection and storage for the sustainable management of amphibian biodiversity.

Current rates of biodiversity loss pose an unprecedented challenge to the conservation community, particularly with amphibians and freshwater fish as the most threatened vertebrates. An increasing number of environmental challenges, including habitat loss, pathogens, and global warming, demand a global response toward the sustainable management of ecosystems and their biodiversity. Conservation Breeding Programs (CBPs) are needed for the sustainable management of amphibian species threatened with extinction. CBPs support species survival while increasing public awareness and political influence. Current CBPs only cater for 10% of the almost 500 amphibian species in need. However, the use of sperm storage to increase efficiency and reliability, along with an increased number of CBPs, offer the potential to significantly reduce species loss. The establishment and refinement of techniques over the last two decades, for the collection and storage of amphibian spermatozoa, gives confidence for their use in CBPs and other biotechnical applications. Cryopreserved spermatozoa has produced breeding pairs of frogs and salamanders and the stage is set for Lifecycle Proof of Concept Programs that use cryopreserved sperm in CBPs along with repopulation, supplementation, and translocation programs. The application of cryopreserved sperm in CBPs, is complimentary to but separate from archival gene banking and general cell and tissue storage. However, where appropriate amphibian sperm banking should be integrated into other global biobanking projects, especially those for fish, and those that include the use of cryopreserved material for genomics and other research. Research over a broader range of amphibian species, and more uniformity in experimental methodology, is needed to inform both theory and application. Genomics is revolutionising our understanding of biological processes and increasingly guiding species conservation through the identification of evolutionary significant units as the conservation focus, and through revealing the intimate relationship between evolutionary history and sperm physiology that ultimately affects the amenability of sperm to refrigerated or frozen storage. In the present review we provide a nascent phylogenetic framework for integration with other research lines to further the potential of amphibian sperm banking.

Refrigerated storage of European common frog Rana temporaria oocytes.

Reproduction technologies (RTs) for the storage and use of amphibian gametes have rapidly developed since the recognition of the amphibian conservation crisis in the late 20th Century. Of these RTs, the refrigerated storage of oocytes and sperm can help to achieve reliable pair-matching when unexpected deaths could lead to critical gaps in studbook programs, and also to enable gamete transport between facilities or when sampled from field populations. Viable sperm can be reliably stored in vitro in testes, as suspensions in refrigerators for weeks and in situ in refrigerated carcasses for days. However, oocytes have only been reliably stored in vitro and then only for a few hours. We stored mature oocytes of the European common frog Rana temporaria refrigerated at 4 °C: in situ in the oviduct of carcasses for 1-5 days, in vivo in the oviduct of live frogs for 30 days, and in vitro in plastic boxes for 1-5 days. Oocyte viability was measured as the percentage of fertilisation relative to controls and as the percentage hatch of fertilised oocytes. Rana temporaria oocytes in situ or in vitro retained some viability to hatch for up to 5 days. In contrast, when stored in vivo, oocytes showed little loss of viability to hatch after 10 days and moderate viability up to 30 days.

SEQUenCE: a service user-centred quality of care instrument for mental health services.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a quality of care instrument that is grounded in the service user perspective and validate it in a mental health service. DESIGN: The instrument (SEQUenCE (SErvice user QUality of CarE)) was developed through analysis of focus group data and clinical practice guidelines, and refined through field-testing and psychometric analyses. SETTING: All participants were attending an independent mental health service in Ireland. PARTICIPANTS: Participants had a diagnosis of bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) or a psychotic disorder. INTERVENTIONS: Twenty-nine service users participated in six focus group interviews. Seventy-one service users participated in field-testing: 10 judged the face validity of an initial 61-item instrument; 28 completed a revised 52-item instrument from which 12 items were removed following test-retest and convergent validity analyses; 33 completed the resulting 40-item instrument. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Test-retest reliability, internal consistency and convergent validity of the instrument. RESULTS: The final instrument showed acceptable test-retest reliability at 5-7 days (r = 0.65; P < 0.001), good convergent validity with the Verona Service Satisfaction Scale (r = 0.84, P < 0.001) and good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.87). CONCLUSIONS: SEQUenCE is a valid, reliable scale that is grounded in the service user perspective and suitable for routine use. It may serve as a useful tool in individual care planning, service evaluation and research. The instrument was developed and validated with service users with a diagnosis of either BPAD or a psychotic disorder; it does not yet have established external validity for other diagnostic groups.

Zoos through the lens of the IUCN Red List: a global metapopulation approach to support conservation breeding programs.

Given current extinction trends, the number of species requiring conservation breeding programs (CBPs) is likely to increase dramatically. To inform CBP policies for threatened terrestrial vertebrates, we evaluated the number and representation of threatened vertebrate species on the IUCN Red List held in the ISIS zoo network and estimated the complexity of their management as metapopulations. Our results show that 695 of the 3,955 (23%) terrestrial vertebrate species in ISIS zoos are threatened. Only two of the 59 taxonomic orders show a higher proportion of threatened species in ISIS zoos than would be expected if species were selected at random. In addition, for most taxa, the management of a zoo metapopulation of more than 250 individuals will require the coordination of a cluster of 11 to 24 ISIS zoos within a radius of 2,000 km. Thus, in the zoo network, the representation of species that may require CBPs is currently low and the spatial distribution of these zoo populations makes management difficult. Although the zoo community may have the will and the logistical potential to contribute to conservation actions, including CBPs, to do so will require greater collaboration between zoos and other institutions, alongside the development of international agreements that facilitate cross-border movement of zoo animals. To maximize the effectiveness of integrated conservation actions that include CBPs, it is fundamental that the non-zoo conservation community acknowledges and integrates the expertise and facilities of zoos where it can be helpful.

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection and lethal chytridiomycosis in caecilian amphibians (Gymnophiona).

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is commonly termed the 'amphibian chytrid fungus' but thus far has been documented to be a pathogen of only batrachian amphibians (anurans and caudatans). It is not proven to infect the limbless, generally poorly known, and mostly soil-dwelling caecilians (Gymnophiona). We conducted the largest qPCR survey of Bd in caecilians to date, for more than 200 field-swabbed specimens from five countries in Africa and South America, representing nearly 20 species, 12 genera, and 8 families. Positive results were recovered for 58 specimens from Tanzania and Cameroon (4 families, 6 genera, 6+ species). Quantities of Bd were not exceptionally high, with genomic equivalent (GE) values of 0.052-17.339. In addition, we report the first evidence of lethal chytridiomycosis in caecilians. Mortality in captive (wild-caught, commercial pet trade) Geotrypetes seraphini was associated with GE scores similar to those we detected for field-swabbed, wild animals.