ABSTRACT
Globally, there is a need for more family planning method options as currently, available options do not adequately meet the needs of women, specifically those who have infrequent sex. Levonorgestrel (LNG) 1.5 mg is widely available as emergency contraception pills (ECP), and recent research has shown that certain women take it as their main form of contraception. Furthermore, limited studies have found repeat, on-demand use safe and efficacious. This 12-month prospective, single-arm, interventional study in Ghana tested whether a single LNG 1.5 mg on-demand or pericoital ("around the time of sex") dose contraceptive was acceptable to women who have infrequent sex and if pharmacy provision was feasible. The study sample (1,890) comprised women of reproductive age recruited from urban areas, having infrequent sex (i.e., coital frequency ≤ 6× per month), and not using any other modern methods except condoms or ECP at the time of study inclusion. Results indicated that there is demand and acceptability for a pericoital pill and that pharmacy provision is feasible. Furthermore, precoital use of the pill had high levels of satisfaction and was popular with new users. Adding LNG 1.5 mg for pericoital use to the family planning method mix has the potential to address an important segment of the population currently underserved, decrease unwanted pregnancies, and increase modern contraceptive prevalence rates.
Subject(s)
Contraception, Postcoital , Contraceptive Agents, Female , Pregnancy , Female , Humans , Levonorgestrel , Contraceptive Agents , Ghana , Prospective Studies , Feasibility StudiesABSTRACT
We report a case of central sleep apnoea (CSA) due to a giant vertebrobasilar aneurysm with brainstem compression. A flow diverter stent was deployed with coil embolization of the right vertebral artery distal to the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) to occlude the aneurysm. The patient's symptoms improved following therapy.
Subject(s)
Intracranial Aneurysm/complications , Sleep Apnea, Central/etiology , Aged , Blood Vessel Prosthesis , Cerebellum/blood supply , Continuous Positive Airway Pressure/methods , Embolization, Therapeutic/methods , Endovascular Procedures/methods , Humans , Intracranial Aneurysm/therapy , Male , Sleep Apnea, Central/therapy , Stents , Vertebral ArteryABSTRACT
The cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM) is the three-dimensional scaffold that defines the geometry and muscular architecture of the cardiac chambers and transmits forces produced during the cardiac cycle throughout the heart wall. The cardiac ECM is an active system that responds to the stresses to which it is exposed and in the normal heart is adapted to facilitate efficient mechanical function. There are marked differences in the short- and medium-term changes in ventricular geometry and cardiac ECM that occur as a result of volume overload, hypertension, and ischemic cardiomyopathy. Despite this, there is a widespread view that a common remodeling "phenotype" governs the final progression to end-stage heart failure in different forms of heart disease. In this review article, we make the case that this interpretation is not consistent with the clinical and experimental data on the topic. We argue that there is a need for new theoretical and experimental models that will enable stresses acting on the ECM and resultant deformations to be estimated more accurately and provide better spatial resolution of local signaling mechanisms that are activated as a result. These developments are necessary to link the effects of structural remodeling with altered cardiac mechanical function.
