Congenital Hypothyroidism in Two Sudanese Families Harboring a Novel Iodotyrosine Deiodinase Mutation (IYD R279C).

Background: Congenital hypothyroidism due to defects in iodotyrosine deiodinase has variable phenotypes and can present as hypothyroid or with normal thyroid testing. Methods: Whole exome sequencing was performed in individuals from two families originating from different regions of Sudan. Mass spectrometry of urine and serum iodotyrosines was performed on subjects from both families. Results: A novel iodotyrosine deiodinase (IYD) mutation (c.835C>T; R279C) was identified in individuals from two Sudanese families inherited as autosomal recessive. The mutation was identified by multiple in silica analyses to likely be detrimental. Serum and urine monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodotyrosine (DIT) were markedly elevated in the homozygous subjects. Conclusion: Measurement of serum and urine DIT and MIT was more sensitive than that of urine iodine or serum thyroid function tests to determine the effect of the IYD mutation.

A Perspective Of Intestinal Immune-Microbiome Interactions In Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease.

Uncovering the intricacies of the gut microbiome and how it interacts with the host immune system has opened up pathways in the search for the treatment of disease conditions. Alcohol-associated liver disease is a major cause of death worldwide. Research has shed light on the breakdown of the protective gut barriers, translocation of gut microbes to the liver and inflammatory immune response to microbes all contributing to alcohol-associated liver disease. This knowledge has opened up avenues for alternative therapies to alleviate alcohol-associated liver disease based on the interaction of the commensal gut microbiome as a key player in the regulation of the immune response. This review describes the relevance of the intestinal immune system, the gut microbiota, and specialized and non-specialized intestinal cells in the regulation of intestinal homeostasis. It also reflects how these components are altered during alcohol-associated liver disease and discusses new approaches for potential future therapies in alcohol-associated liver disease.

Increased Prevalence of TG and TPO Mutations in Sudanese Children With Congenital Hypothyroidism.

CONTEXT: Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is due to dyshormonogenesis in 10% to 15% of subjects worldwide but accounts for 60% of CH cases in the Sudan. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the molecular basis of CH in Sudanese families. DESIGN: Clinical phenotype reporting and serum thyroid hormone measurements. Deoxyribonucelic acid extraction for whole-exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing. SETTING: University research center. PATIENTS: Twenty-six Sudanese families with CH. INTERVENTION: Clinical evaluation, thyroid function tests, genetic sequencing, and analysis. Our samples and information regarding samples from the literature were used to compare TG (thyroglobulin) and TPO (thyroid peroxidase) mutation rates in the Sudanese population with all populations. RESULTS: Mutations were found in dual-oxidase 1 (DUOX1), dual-oxidase 2 (DUOX2), iodotyrosine deiodinase (IYD), solute-carrier (SLC) 26A4, SLC26A7, SLC5A5, TG, and TPO genes. The molecular basis of the CH in 7 families remains unknown. TG mutations were significantly higher on average in the Sudanese population compared with the average number of TG mutations in other populations (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: All described mutations occur in domains important for protein structure and function, predicting the CH phenotype. Genotype prediction based on phenotype includes low or undetectable thyroglobulin levels for TG gene mutations and markedly higher thyroglobulin levels for TPO mutations. The reasons for higher incidence of TG gene mutations include gene length and possible positive genetic selection due to endemic iodine deficiency.

Insertion of an Alu Element in Thyroglobulin Gene as a Novel Cause of Congenital Hypothyroidism.

The thyroglobulin (TG) gene encodes a protein required for thyroid hormone synthesis and iodine storage. Deleterious TG mutations produce congenital hypothyroidism (CH) often presenting with undetectable serum TG. Alu elements, common throughout the human genome, have a poly(dA) region in the 3' end of the strand. Herein two of four siblings of a consanguineous Sudanese family with CH, goiter, high initial serum thyrotropin, and undetectable TG were found to have a novel frameshift insertion of an Alu element within an exon of the TG gene: c.7909ins p.Y3637Ffs. This report demonstrates a novel Alu element insertion within TG causing CH.

Central Congenital Hypothyroidism Caused by a Novel Mutation, C47W, in the Cysteine Knot Region of TSHß.

BACKGROUND: Isolated central congenital hypothyroidism (ICCH) is a rare form (1:50,000 newborns) of congenital hypothyroidism, which can present with growth and neuropsychological retardation. Unlike the more common primary CH (1:1,500-1:4,000), which presents on newborn screening with elevated serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and low thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), ICCH presents with low TSH and low thyroid hormone levels. ICCH, therefore, may be missed in most newborn screens that are based only on elevated TSH. Most cases of ICCH have been associated with mutations in the TSHß gene. PATIENT: We present a consanguineous Sudanese family where the proband was diagnosed with "atypical" CH (serum TSH was low, not high). INTERVENTION AND OUTCOME: The propositus underwent whole-exome sequencing, and the C47W TSHß mutation was identified. Sanger sequencing confirmed the proband to be homozygous for C47W, and both parents were heterozygous for the same mutation. The mutation was predicted by several in silico methods to have a deleterious effect (SIFT 0.0, Damaging; Polyphen2_HDIV 0.973, probably damaging; MutationTaster 1, disease causing; and CADD 3.17, 16.62). C47W affects the first cysteine of the cysteine knot of the TSHß subunit. The cysteine knot region of TSHß is highly conserved across species and is critical for binding to the TSH receptor. Only two other mutations were previously reported along the cysteine knot and showed consistently low or undetectable serum TSH and low T4 and T3 levels. Other TSHß gene mutations causing ICCH have been reported in the "seatbelt" region, necessary for TSHß dimerization with the alpha subunit. CONCLUSIONS: Identification of a mutation in the TSHß gene reinforces the importance of identifying ICCH that can occur in the absence of elevated serum TSH and demonstrates the functional significance of the TSHß cysteine knot.

Congenital Hypothyroidism due to Oligogenic Mutations in Two Sudanese Families.

Dyshormonogenic congenital hypothyroidism (CH) generally results from biallelic defects in thyroid hormone synthesis genes. Whole exome sequencing allows easier identification of multiple gene defects. Two Sudanese families with CH resulting from oligogenic defects identified by whole exome sequencing are presented. In family 1, the proposita with CH and goiter was heterozygous for three TPO, one TG, and one DUOX2 mutations, including three novel variants inherited from both parents. In family 2, two brothers with psychomotor delay and goiter were homozygous for digenic mutations in the DUOX2 and DUOX1 genes, while their asymptomatic parents were heterozygous. Accumulation of pathogenic mutations may contribute to CH.