ABSTRACT
In the recent revision of the AAMR classification manual, an adapted version of Greenspan's model of personal competence was used to describe personal capabilities. This adapted model differs significantly from the original Greenspan model. In the present study three alternative models of personal competence were evaluated with confirmatory factor analysis methods in separate samples of 180 students with mild and 143 students with moderate to severe disabilities. The results supported Greenspan's original model that includes the domains of physical and emotional competence and practical, social, and conceptual intelligence. The AAMR model that includes the construct of adaptive skills was not supported.
Subject(s)
Cognition Disorders/complications , Cognition Disorders/diagnosis , Intellectual Disability/complications , Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Intellectual Disability/diagnosis , Male , Retrospective Studies , Severity of Illness IndexSubject(s)
Child Health Services/organization & administration , Delivery of Health Care/standards , Social Work/organization & administration , Child , Child Health Services/legislation & jurisprudence , Community Health Services/standards , Continuity of Patient Care , Delivery of Health Care/legislation & jurisprudence , Humans , Models, Organizational , Public Policy , Social Work/legislation & jurisprudence , United StatesABSTRACT
We examined whether broad factors assessing dimensions of personal competency and community participation could be used to discriminate between people with mental retardation who were living in small group homes and small foster homes. Using a large national sample and multiple discriminant analysis procedures, we found that personal competencies were least important in distinguishing on the basis of setting between people living in the two types of residential placements. Primary differences emerged in factors assessing extent of community participation, family relationships, and recreation/leisure integration. Implications for policy and future research were presented and discussed.
Subject(s)
Activities of Daily Living/psychology , Foster Home Care/psychology , Group Homes , Intellectual Disability/rehabilitation , Intermediate Care Facilities , Social Adjustment , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Health Facility Size , Humans , Infant , Intellectual Disability/psychology , Male , Middle Aged , Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care , Social EnvironmentABSTRACT
The purpose of the present study was to determine whether differences in community adjustment existed for three groups of young adults with mental retardation using data organized on the basis of four empirically validated factors identified in prior research. A descriptive discriminant function analysis was used as a follow-up to a statistically significant multivariate analysis of variance F-ratio. Results obtained from the discriminant analysis indicated that five variables (number of limiting factors, earned income, number of support services, living arrangement, number of daytime activities) contributed substantively to separation of the three group centroids.
Subject(s)
Activities of Daily Living , Deinstitutionalization , Intellectual Disability/rehabilitation , Social Adjustment , Adult , Female , Humans , Intellectual Disability/psychology , Leisure Activities , Male , Multivariate Analysis , Recreation , Social Support , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
The impact of four different statistical techniques on the interpretive process using data obtained from young adults with mental retardation in applied settings was evaluated. Our hypothesis was that no difference exists across levels of mental retardation for four dependent variables, jointly or separately, using (a) parametric multivariate analysis of variance, (b) nonparametric multivariate analysis of variance, (c) multiple nonparametric analyses of variance, and (d) multinomial logistic regression. The pattern of significance remained the same across the three classical and quasi-classical designs. Substantive differences were found using the fourth technique, multinomial logistic regression. The four techniques were compared using interpretational as well as statistical criteria.
Subject(s)
Community Mental Health Centers , Intellectual Disability , Social Adjustment , Adult , Analysis of Variance , Female , Humans , Male , Medical Records , Models, Statistical , Multivariate AnalysisABSTRACT
In this 1986-1987 study, the demographic and diagnostic characteristics, problem behaviors, self-care skills, community living skills, domestic expectations, and program goals for personal competence of 336 persons with mental retardation living in a national sample of 181 foster care and small group care settings with 6 or fewer residents was assessed. The findings indicated relatively more severe cognitive impairment among persons in small ICFs-MR, less severe cognitive impairment and fewer functional limitations among non-ICF-MR group home residents, and more functional limitations among residents in foster homes. Neighborhood integration was relatively high for foster home residents, but there were fewer expectations for their development of home and community living skills. Implications for future research and program development in small, community-based residential settings were discussed.
Subject(s)
Foster Home Care/standards , Group Homes/standards , Intellectual Disability/rehabilitation , Residential Facilities/trends , Activities of Daily Living , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Child, Preschool , Cognition Disorders/complications , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Intellectual Disability/complications , Male , Mental Health , Mental Health Services/organization & administration , Mental Health Services/standards , Middle Aged , United StatesABSTRACT
This study investigated the concurrent relations between measures of adaptive/maladaptive behavior and community adjustment in a sample of 239 adults with mild to severe degrees of mental retardation. Using canonical correlation procedures and multidimensional community adjustment measures, the investigators found significant relations between the measures of behavior and several community adjustment dimensions. The results provided evidence for the criterion-related validity of measures of adaptive/maladaptive behavior and suggested that such skills provide an important contribution to community adaptation and to program planning and decision making for individuals with mental retardation.
Subject(s)
Activities of Daily Living/psychology , Intellectual Disability/rehabilitation , Social Adjustment , Social Environment , Adolescent , Adult , Education of Intellectually Disabled , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Intellectual Disability/psychology , MaleABSTRACT
Resident functional and personal characteristics (e.g., gender, race, age, and level of mental retardation), placement histories, and projected placements of a nationally representative sample of 336 persons with mental retardation living in a total of 181 small, specialized foster care homes and group homes with 6 or fewer residents were compared. In addition, the extent to which resident characteristics differentiate between persons placed in specialized foster care homes or small group homes was assessed. Results indicate that there are some differences in resident characteristics across facility type, including communication and toileting skills, age, and mobility. Overall, results showed that small foster and group homes successfully serve a variety of people and that placement generally lasts for several years.
Subject(s)
Foster Home Care , Group Homes , Intellectual Disability/rehabilitation , Activities of Daily Living/psychology , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Foster Home Care/psychology , Humans , Infant , Intellectual Disability/psychology , Male , Social Environment , United StatesABSTRACT
Confirmatory factor analysis procedures were used to evaluate multidimensional measures of community adjustment in a sample of 239 young adults with mild to severe mental retardation. Alternative measurement models were evaluated in one-half of the sample, with the final model cross-validated in the second half of the sample. The final cross-validated model was also evaluated as a function of level of retardation. Evidence was found for at least six broad dimensions of community adjustment when combined with other multidimensional research findings. The measurement of one dimension varied as a function of degree of retardation. Use of validated multidimensional measures of community adjustment in future research studies was discussed.
Subject(s)
Activities of Daily Living/psychology , Intellectual Disability/rehabilitation , Social Adjustment , Social Environment , Adult , Education of Intellectually Disabled , Female , Humans , Intellectual Disability/psychology , Intelligence , Leisure Activities , Male , Social Support , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
This study identifies components of personal competence and community adjustment in a national sample of persons with mental retardation living in residential facilities of six or fewer residents. Factor analysis of 65 variables yielded an 8 principal component solution that accounted for approximately half the total variance in the observed variables (49%). The eight identified components of personal competence and community adjustment were labeled (1) Self Care and Functional Personal Living Skills, (2) Community Living Skills, (3) Home Living Skills, (4) Problem Behavior, (5) Community Training Goals and Objectives, (6) Recreation/Leisure Activity, (7) Family Contact/Relationships, and (8) Community Assimilation and Acceptance. The implications of reducing potentially hundreds of indicators of personal competence and community adjustment into relatively few broad internally consistent composite constructs are discussed.
Subject(s)
Activities of Daily Living/psychology , Foster Home Care , Group Homes , Intellectual Disability/rehabilitation , Social Adjustment , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Female , Humans , Intellectual Disability/psychology , Male , Personality Assessment/statistics & numerical data , Psychometrics , Social Behavior Disorders/psychology , Social Behavior Disorders/rehabilitation , Social EnvironmentSubject(s)
Education of Intellectually Disabled/trends , Intellectual Disability/rehabilitation , Child , Education of Intellectually Disabled/legislation & jurisprudence , Financing, Government/legislation & jurisprudence , Financing, Government/trends , Forecasting , Humans , Intellectual Disability/psychology , United StatesABSTRACT
The basic question addressed in this paper is whether formal benefit-cost and effectiveness-cost analyses might allow us to determine whether the outcomes of particular special education services are being offered in their most efficient manner. In attempting to answer this question, we focused upon measuring as many of the cost and outcomes as possible (in both monetary and other terms) from two specialized schools serving youth with severe mental retardation. We examined a number of alternative assumptions for illustrating some of the problematic issues in the use of such evaluation techniques.
Subject(s)
Costs and Cost Analysis , Education of Intellectually Disabled/economics , Adolescent , Adult , Data Collection , Education of Intellectually Disabled/standards , Efficiency , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , MaleABSTRACT
Findings from a study of the programs and services received by a national sample of older persons with mental retardation were reviewed. Individuals were selected from a national sample of all facilities owned, operated, or licensed by developmental disabilities agencies having one or more persons 63 years of age or older with mental retardation. Facilities included foster care, small group homes, large private facilities, and state-operated facilities. One or two residents per facility were studied. A total of 370 individuals in 235 facilities were surveyed (10% of all eligible facilities). Comprehensive information on resident characteristics, day program participation, and services received was gathered through extensive questionnaire and telephone interviews of primary careproviders and directors of the day programs attended by individuals in the resident sample. Differences in programs and services received were presented by facility type.
Subject(s)
Community Mental Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Health Services for the Aged/statistics & numerical data , Intellectual Disability/rehabilitation , Aged , Consumer Behavior , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Incidence , Intellectual Disability/epidemiology , Male , Social Environment , United States/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Data obtained on a sample of persons with mild to profound degrees of mental retardation (N = 8255) and ranging from birth to 98 years of age were factor analyzed to provide information on the structure of maladaptive behavior relative to age and degree of mental retardation. Using the Problem Behavior scales of the Inventory for Client and Agency Planning, two principal factors emerged for children with mild to profound degrees of retardation: Internalized Maladaptive and Externalized Maladaptive. For adolescents and young adults, a three-factor solution which varied by degree of retardation was most appropriate. For middle and older adults, three- and four-factor solutions were identified across all ages and degrees of retardation. Across all samples as many as six different types of dimensions were identified, indicating that the structure of maladaptive behavior may well be influenced by age and level of mental retardation.
Subject(s)
Intellectual Disability/psychology , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Activities of Daily Living , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Child, Preschool , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Intellectual Disability/classification , Intellectual Disability/rehabilitation , Male , Middle Aged , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/statistics & numerical data , Social AdjustmentABSTRACT
Changes in the size and type of operation of residential facilities for persons with mental retardation in the United States over the past 2 decades were discussed and current (June 30, 1988) interstate variability in residential services along these same dimensions examined. Considerable progress was noted nationally in securing relatively small, community-based residential opportunities for persons with mental retardation. However, this progress has not been uniformly realized in all states or for all types of facilities. Standards for federal policy that would make the official national commitment to community-based services more consistent among all the states were considered.
Subject(s)
Health Facility Size/trends , Institutionalization/trends , Intellectual Disability/therapy , Long-Term Care/trends , Hospitals, State/trends , Humans , United StatesABSTRACT
A correlational study of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency and the Early Motor Profile with 109 kindergarten children showed a significant relation between these two measures of motor abilities. These results support use of the latter profile as a measure of motor development in preschool age children.
Subject(s)
Child Development , Motor Skills , Neuropsychological Tests , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Reference ValuesABSTRACT
The development of the ICF-MR program and the issue to which the ICF-MR program was intended to respond was briefly reviewed. National and state-by state statistics on changing patterns and interstate variations in use of ICF-MR services as of June 30, 1977, June 30, 1982, and June 30, 1986 were presented and ICF-MR problems and issues were discussed within the context of the evolving system of long-term care.
Subject(s)
Intellectual Disability/rehabilitation , Intermediate Care Facilities/statistics & numerical data , Nursing Homes/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Longitudinal Studies , United StatesABSTRACT
This paper reported on the movement of a large (N = 2271) probability sample of the nation's residents of public (PRF) and community (CRF) residential facilities for developmentally disabled children and adults. Estimates placed the national population at 217,410 in all facilities--73,709 in CRFs and 143,701 in PRFs--in the fall of 1978, when the sample was selected, although extrapolation from subsequent surveys suggest that the CRF numbers should be about 100,000. In the winter of 1979 direct care staff and administrators completed detailed information about each resident sampled, about themselves, and about their facilities. In 1980 they were asked if their residents had moved exactly one year later. Most residents (91%) had not moved; 1.3% had died; and about 8.5% had moved. Most moves featured greater integration into the community. Multivariate analyses indicated very little difference between moved and unmoved residents. Among moved subjects, three dimensions accounted for 62% of the common variance in placement status: (a) ability, (b) age, and (c) autonomy.
