ABSTRACT
Multinuclear tungsten complexes are intriguing candidates for new contrast media that can provide substantial improvements in CT imaging diagnostics. Herein, we present a ligand strategy, based on amino acids, and mono- and disubstituted EDTA derivatives, that enables the development of stable complexes with high tungsten content and reasonably low osmolality. Accordingly, a series of neutral and monoanionic di-µ-sulfido W(V) dimers have been synthesized via a convenient procedure utilizing microwave heating in combination with ion-pair HPLC reaction monitoring. The compounds were characterized in detail by various techniques, including ESI-HRMS, NMR spectroscopy, HPLC, elemental analysis, and X-ray crystallography. The aqueous stability of the complexes under physiologically relevant conditions, and during heat sterilization was also examined as an initial assessment of their potential applicability as radiocontrast agents. Monoanionic complexes featuring monosubstituted EDTA derivatives have demonstrated high stability, while producing a lower number of ions in solution (resulting in lower osmolality) in comparison to their bis-anionic EDTA counterparts. Nevertheless, they exhibited insufficient water solubility for application as intravascular contrast agents. However, our study showed that aqueous solubility of this type of complexes can be tuned by small modifications in the ligand structure.
Subject(s)
Contrast Media , Tungsten , Contrast Media/chemistry , Crystallography, X-Ray , Edetic Acid , Ligands , Models, Molecular , Polymers , Sulfur , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Tungsten/chemistry , Water/chemistryABSTRACT
Efficient syntheses of chiral fragments derived from chiral amino alcohols are described. Several unique scaffolds were readily accessed in 1-5 synthetic steps leading to 45 chiral fragments, including oxazolidinones, morpholinones, lactams, and sultams. These fragments have molecular weights ranging from 100 to 255 Da and are soluble in water (0.085 to >15 mM).
Subject(s)
Amino Alcohols/analysis , Amino Alcohols/chemistry , Drug Discovery , Humans , Lactams/chemistry , Molecular Weight , Morpholines/chemistry , Naphthalenesulfonates/chemistry , Oxazolidinones/chemistry , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
Protein lysine methyltransferases have recently emerged as a new target class for the development of inhibitors that modulate gene transcription or signaling pathways. SET and MYND domain containing protein 2 (SMYD2) is a catalytic SET domain containing methyltransferase reported to monomethylate lysine residues on histone and nonhistone proteins. Although several studies have uncovered an important role of SMYD2 in promoting cancer by protein methylation, the biology of SMYD2 is far from being fully understood. Utilization of highly potent and selective chemical probes for target validation has emerged as a concept which circumvents possible limitations of knockdown experiments and, in particular, could result in an improved exploration of drug targets with a complex underlying biology. Here, we report the development of a potent, selective, and cell-active, substrate-competitive inhibitor of SMYD2, which is the first reported inhibitor suitable for in vivo target validation studies in rodents.
Subject(s)
Drug Discovery , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/antagonists & inhibitors , Pyridazines/pharmacology , Apoptosis/drug effects , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Cells, Cultured , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , HEK293 Cells , Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/metabolism , Humans , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Pyridazines/chemical synthesis , Pyridazines/chemistry , Structure-Activity Relationship , Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/antagonists & inhibitors , Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolismABSTRACT
Lead optimization of a high-throughput screening hit led to the rapid identification of aminopyrimidine ZKâ 304709, a multitargeted CDK and VEGF-R inhibitor that displayed a promising preclinical profile. Nevertheless, ZKâ 304709 failed in phaseâ I studies due to dose-limited absorption and high inter-patient variability, which was attributed to limited aqueous solubility and off-target activity against carbonic anhydrases. Further lead optimization efforts to address the off-target activity profile finally resulted in the introduction of a sulfoximine group, which is still a rather unusual approach in medicinal chemistry. However, the sulfoximine series of compounds quickly revealed very interesting properties, culminating in the identification of the nanomolar pan-CDK inhibitor BAYâ 1000394, which is currently being investigated in phaseâ I clinical trials.
