Correction to: Proposal for a definition for response to treatment, inactive disease and damage for JIA associated uveitis based on the validation of a uveitis related JIA outcome measures from the Multinational Interdisciplinary Working Group for Uveitis in Childhood (MIWGUC).

Following publication of the original article [1], we have been notified that the author Joan Calzada should not have been included to the team of authors. The authors' team, thus, should be as follows.

Proposal for a definition for response to treatment, inactive disease and damage for JIA associated uveitis based on the validation of a uveitis related JIA outcome measures from the Multinational Interdisciplinary Working Group for Uveitis in Childhood (MIWGUC).

BACKGROUND: JIA-associated uveitis (JIAU) is a serious, sight-threatening disease with significant long-term complications and risk of blindness, even with improved contemporary treatments. The MIWGUC was set up in order to propose specific JIAU activity and response items and to validate their applicability for clinical outcome studies. METHODS: The group consists of 8 paediatric rheumatologists and 7 ophthalmologists. A consensus meeting took place on November 2015 in Barcelona (Spain) with the objective of validating the previously proposed measures. The validation process was based on the results of a prospective open, international, multi-centre, cohort study designed to validate the outcome measures proposed by the initial MIWGUC group meeting in 2012. The meeting used the same Delphi and nominal group technique as previously described in the first paper from the MIWGUC group (Arthritis Care Res 64:1365-72, 2012). Patients were included with a diagnosis of JIA, aged less than 18 years, and with active uveitis or an uveitis flare which required treatment with a disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug. The proposed outcome measures for uveitis were collected by an ophthalmologist and for arthritis by a paediatric rheumatologist. Patient reported outcome measures were also measured. RESULTS: A total of 82 patients were enrolled into the validation cohort. Fifty four percent (n = 44) had persistent oligoarthritis followed by rheumatoid factor negative polyarthritis (n = 15, 18%). The mean uveitis disease duration was 3.3 years (SD 3.0). Bilateral eye involvement was reported in 65 (79.3%) patients. The main findings are that the most significant changes, from baseline to 6 months, are found in the AC activity measures of cells and flare. These measures correlate with the presence of pre-existing structural complications and this has implications for the reporting of trials using a single measure as a primary outcome. We also found that visual analogue scales of disease activity showed significant change when reported by the ophthalmologist, rheumatologist and families. The measures formed three relatively distinct groups. The first group of measures comprised uveitis activity, ocular damage and the ophthalmologists' VAS. The second comprised patient reported outcomes including disruption to school attendance. The third group consisted of the rheumatologists' VAS and the joint score. CONCLUSIONS: We propose distinctive and clinically significant measures of disease activity, severity and damage for JIAU. This effort is the initial step for developing a comprehensive outcome measures for JIAU, which incorporates the perspectives of rheumatologists, ophthalmologists, patients and families.

[Pigment epithelial detachments in age-related macular degeneration -- classification, differentiation and prognosis]. / Die Pigmentepithelabhebung bei der AMD -- Klassifikation, Differenzierung und Prognose.

BACKGROUND: A pigment epithelial detachment (PED) is an exudative manifestation of late age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Its long-term unfavourable prognosis is influenced by the association of a neovascular membrane. Seemingly identical PEDs in ophthalmoscopy can be further differentiated by fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography. The purpose of this prospective follow-up study was to determine the most reliable angiographic classification to distinguish PEDs in AMD and to evaluate their outcome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 73 eyes of 68 patients with a PED in AMD were examined with simultaneous angiography with fluorescein and indocyanine green. 34 eyes were additionally scanned by retinatomography. Fluorescein angiographic classification comprises 4 types: 1. early hyperfluorescent type, 2. late hyperfluorescent type, 3. drusen type, 4. irregular fluorescent type. Indocyanine green angiographic classification consists of the following three groups: 1. angiographically no vascularisation, 2. associated choroidal neovascularisation, 3. associated polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. RESULTS: Both classifications show statistically significant correlation with visual acuity (fluorescein classification: P = 0.0112, ICG-classification: P = 0.0004) and area of the PEDs (fluorescein classification: P = 0.0002, ICG-classification: P < 0.0001). ICG-classification additionally is significantly associated with the volume (P = 0.0008). Both classifications correlate (P = 0.0001). Factors influencing visual acuity are: age (P = 0.0044), associated neovascular membrane (P = 0.0004), area (P < 0.0001), volume (P = 0.0077) and height (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: PEDs in AMD can best be classified by indocyanine green angiography on the basis of an associated prognostically important neovascular membrane, which can only be further distinguished into choroidal neovascularisation or polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy by indocyanine green angiography. Statistical analysis shows qualitatively and quantitatively more significant results for the indocyanine green angiographic classification.

Visual prognosis of second eyes in patients with unilateral late exudative age-related macular degeneration.

PURPOSE: A prospective longitudinal study was initiated to analyze the correlation between the prognosis for the second eyes of patients with unilateral late exudative AMD and the disease phenotype. METHODS: Of the187 patients with unilateral late exudative AMD recruited, 130 (69.5%) had predominantly classic CNV without pigment epithelium detachment (PED) (CNV group), and 57 (30.5%) had occult CNV with serous PED (PED group). Patients were reexamined by ophthalmoscopy and angiography every 6 months for up to 80 months. The end point was ETDRS visual acuity change of 3 lines or more due to late AMD in the second eye. RESULTS: During follow-up 53 (28.3%) patients reached the end point: 32 (24.6%) in the CNV group and 21 (36.8%) in the PED group. The major prognostic factor for the risk of visual loss in the second eye was the type of late AMD in the first eye (CNV group 6-7% per year, PED group 15-16% per year ( P<0.001). There was significant symmetry between the new exudative lesion in the second eye and that in the first, and significant differences in the density and fluorescence of drusen in the second eye between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with occult CNV with serous PED in the first eye have a significantly higher risk of visual loss in the second eye than patients with CNV without PED. This distinction may be important for future clinical studies. In addition, segregation of AMD by phenotype is necessary in the analysis of genes conferring risk of AMD.