Oncologic outcomes of patients with incidental prostate cancer who underwent RARC: a comparison between nerve sparing and non-nerve sparing approach.

BACKGROUND: Incidental Prostate cancer (iPCa) is a relatively common finding during histopathological evaluation of radical cystectomy (RC) specimens. To reduce the high impact of RC on erectile function, several sexual-preserving techniques have been proposed. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the oncologic outcomes of patients with iPCa who underwent nerve spring and no-nerve sparing robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC). METHODS: The clinicopathologic data of male patients who underwent RARC at our institution between 2006 and 2016 were retrospectively analysed. Patients with iPCa at definitive pathological examinations were stratified in two groups, according to the preservation of the neurovascular bundles (nerve sparing vs no nerve sparing). Significant PCa was defined as any Gleason score ≥ 3 + 4. Biochemical recurrence (BR) was defined as a sustained PSA level > 0.2 ng/mL on two or more consecutive appraisals. BR rate was assessed only in patients with incidental prostate cancer and at least 2 years of follow-up. Differences in categorical and continuous variables were analysed using the chi-squared test and the Mann-Withney U test, respectively. Biochemical recurrence curves were generated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with the Log-rank test. RESULTS: Overall, 343 male patients underwent RARC for bladder cancer within the study period. Nerve-sparing surgery was performed in 143 patients (41%), of these 110 had at least 2 years of follow up after surgery. Patients who underwent nerve-sparing surgery were significantly younger (p < 0.001). Clinically significant PCa was found in 24% of patients. No significant differences regarding preoperative PSA value (p = 0.3), PCa pathological stage (p = 0.5), Gleason score (p = 0.3) and positive surgical margin rates (p = 0.3) were found between the two groups. After a median follow-up of 51 months only one patient, in the no-nerve-sparing group had developed a biochemical recurrence (p = 0.4). CONCLUSIONS: In our series most of the iPca detected in RC specimens can be considered as insignificant with a low rate of BR (0.9%). Nerve-sparing RARC is a safe procedure which did not affect oncological outcomes of patients with iPCa.

Robot-assisted radical cystectomy with totally intracorporeal urinary diversion: surgical and early functional outcomes through the learning curve in a single high-volume center.

The aim of the study is to report surgical and early functional outcomes of first 100 patients undergoing robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) with totally intracorporeal urinary diversion (ICUD) in a single center. The main surgeon (A.P.) attended a modular training program at a referring center mentored by a worldwide-recognized robotic surgeon (P.W.). The program consisted of: (a) 10 h of theoretical lessons; (b) video session (c) step-by-step in vivo modular training. Each procedure was performed as taught, without any technique variation. Demographics, intra-operative data and post-operative complications, along with early functional outcomes, were recorded for each patient. We retrospectively evaluated the first consecutive 100 patients submitted to RARC with totally ICUD from July 2015 to December 2018. Median age at surgery was 69 years (IQR 60-74). 52 (52%), 32 (32%), and 17 (17%) patients received orthotopic neobladder, ileal conduit and uretero-cutaneostomy, respectively. Median operative time was 410 min. A median number of lymph nodes retrieved were 27 and median estimated blood loss was 240 mL with median hospitalization time of 7 days. All procedures were completed successfully without open conversion. A statistically significant improvement was found in the late (30-90 post-operative days) post-operative complications (p = 0.02) and operative time for urinary derivation. At multivariate logistic regression model ASA score ≥ 3 (OR = 4.2, p = 0.002) and number of lymph nodes retrieved (OR = 1.16, p = 0.02) were found to be predictors of 90-day complications. An adequate modular training is paramount to obtain successful results and reduce the learning curve of RARC, as demonstrated by our experience.

The biopsy Gleason score 3+4 in a single core does not necessarily reflect an unfavourable pathological disease after radical prostatectomy in comparison with biopsy Gleason score 3+3: looking for larger selection criteria for active surveillance candidates.

BACKGROUND: To assess whether the addition of clinical Gleason score (Gs) 3+4 to the Prostate Cancer Research International: Active Surveillance (PRIAS) criteria affects pathologic results in patients who are potentially suitable for active surveillance (AS) and to identify possible clinical predictors of unfavourable outcome. METHODS: Three hundred and twenty-nine men who underwent radical prostatectomy with complete clinical and follow-up data and who would have fulfilled the inclusion criteria of the PRIAS protocol at the time of biopsy except for the addition of biopsy Gs=3+4 and with at least 10 cores taken have been evaluated. One experienced genitourinary pathologist selected those with real Gs=3+3 and 3+4 in only one core according to the 2005 International Society of Urological Pathology criteria. The primary end point was the proportion of unfavourable outcome (nonorgan confined disease or Gs⩾4+3). Logistic regressions explored the association between preoperative characteristics and the primary end point. RESULTS: Two hundred and four patients were evaluated and 46 (22.5%) patients harboured unfavourable disease at final pathology. After a median follow-up of 73.5 months, there was no cancer-specific death, and 4 (2.0%) patients had biochemical relapse. There were no significant differences in terms of high Gs, locally advanced disease, unfavourable disease and biochemical relapse-free survival among patients with clinical Gs=3+3 vs Gs=3+4. At multivariable analysis, the presence of atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP) and lower number of core taken were independently associated with a higher risk of unfavourable disease. CONCLUSION: The inclusion of Gs=3+4 in patients suitable to AS does not enhance the risk of unfavourable disease after radical prostatectomy. Additional factors such as number of cores taken and the presence of ASAP should be considered in patients suitable for AS.

Papel de la cirugía conservadora testicular en el manejo conservador de masas testiculares pequeñas: perspectivas oncológicas y funcionales / Role of testis sparing surgery in the conservative management of small testicular masses: oncological and functional perspectives

Introducción: La orquiectomía radical (OR) se considera todavía la opción estándar de atención para los tumores malignos de células germinales, que representan la gran mayoría de las masas testiculares palpables. En pacientes diagnosticados con pequeñas masas testiculares la cirugía conservadora testicular (CCT) podría ser un tratamiento alternativo a la OR. El objetivo de esta revisión actualizada es evaluar las indicaciones actuales para la CCT y debatir los resultados oncológicos y funcionales de los pacientes sometidos a cirugía conservadora testicular por pequeñas masas testiculares. Adquisición de la evidencia: Se ha llevado a cabo una revisión no sistemática de la literatura empleando la base de datos Medline, que incluyó un protocolo de texto libre utilizando los términos «cirugía conservadora de los testículos», «cirugía conservadora testicular», «orquiectomía parcial», «tumor de testículo», «tumor del cordón sexual» y «función testicular». También se evaluaron otros estudios significativos citados en las listas de referencia de los trabajos seleccionados. Síntesis de la evidencia: Aún no se ha registrado ningún ensayo controlado aleatorizado comparando la CCT con la OR. En aquellos pacientes con testículos contralaterales normales el uso de la CCT todavía resulta controvertido. En casos seleccionados de masas gonadales < 2 cm la CCT parece ser una opción terapéutica segura y viable. El análisis de secciones congeladas permite distinguir entre neoplasias benignas y malignas durante la CCT. Los resultados del seguimiento a medio y largo plazo no mostraron ningún riesgo significativo de recidiva local y a distancia en las principales series de la literatura. Conclusiones: La CCT es un tratamiento efectivo para las pequeñas masas testiculares en pacientes seleccionados, limitando los sobretratamientos quirúrgicos innecesarios, sin comprometer los resultados oncológicos y funcionales. Se requieren más estudios para confirmar la seguridad oncológica

Introduction: Radical orchiectomy (RO) is still considered the standard of care for malignant germ cell tumors, which represent the vast majority of the palpable testicular masses. In those patients diagnosed with small testicular masses (STMs), testis-sparing surgery (TSS) could be an alternative treatment to RO. The aim of this updated review is to evaluate the current indications for TSS, and discuss the oncological and functional results of patients who had undergone organ-sparing surgery for STMs. Evidence acquisition: A non-systematic review of the Literature using the Medline database has been performed, including a free-text protocol using the terms «testis sparing surgery», «testicular sparing surgery», «partial orchiectomy», «testis tumor», «sex cord tumor», and «testis function». Other significant studies cited in the reference lists of the selected papers were also evaluated. Evidence synthesis: No randomized controlled trials comparing TSS with radical orchiectomy have been reported yet. In those patients with normal contra-lateral testis, the use of TSS is still controversial. In selected cases of gonadal masses < 2 cm, TSS seems to be a safe and feasible treatment option. Frozen section examination allows us to discriminate between benign and malignant neoplasms during TSS. Intermediate and long-term follow-up results showed no significant risk of local and distant recurrences in the main series reported in the literature. Conclusions: TSS is an effective treatment for STMs in selected patients, limiting the unnecessary surgical over-treatments, without compromising the oncological and functional outcomes. Further studies are needed in order to confirm the oncological safety

A snapshot of nephron-sparing surgery in Italy: a prospective, multicenter report on clinical and perioperative outcomes (the RECORd 1 project).

INTRODUCTION: Nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) has become the standard of care for the surgical management of small and clinically localized renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The conservative management of those RCCs is increasing over time. Aim of this study was to report a snapshot of the clinical, perioperative and oncological results after NSS for RCC in Italy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We evaluated all patients who underwent conservative surgical treatment for renal tumours between January 2009 and December 2012 at 19 urological Italian Centers (RECORd project). Perioperative, radiological and histopathological data were recorded. Surgical eras (2009 vs 2012 and year periods 2009-2010 vs 2011-2012) were compared. RESULTS: Globally, 983 patients were evaluated. More recently, patients undergoing NSS were found to be significantly younger (p = 0.05) than those surgically treated in the first study period, with a significantly higher rate of NSS with relative and imperative indication (p < 0.001). More recently, a higher percentage of procedures for cT1b or cT2 renal tumours was observed (p = 0.02). Utilization rate of open partial nephrectomy (OPN) constantly decreased during years, laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) remained almost constant while robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) increased. The rate of clampless NSS constantly increased over time. The use of at least one haemostatic agent has been significantly more adopted in the most recent surgical era (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The utilization rate of NSS in Italy is increasing, even in elective and more complex cases. RAPN has been progressively adopted, as well as the intraoperative utilization of haemostatic agents and the rate of clampless procedures.

Role of testis sparing surgery in the conservative management of small testicular masses: oncological and functional perspectives.

INTRODUCTION: Radical orchiectomy (RO) is still considered the standard of care for malignant germ cell tumours, which represent the vast majority of the palpable testicular masses. In those patients diagnosed with small testicular masses (STMs), testis-sparing surgery (TSS) could be an alternative treatment to RO. The aim of this updated review is to evaluate the current indications for TSS, and discuss the oncological and functional results of patients who had undergone organ-sparing surgery for STMs. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A non-systematic review of the Literature using the Medline database has been performed, including a free-text protocol using the terms "testis-sparing surgery", "testicular sparing surgery", "partial orchiectomy", "testis tumour", "sex cord tumour", and "testis function". Other significant studies cited in the reference lists of the selected papers were also evaluated. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: No randomized controlled trials comparing TSS with radical orchiectomy have been reported yet. In those patients with normal contra-lateral testis, the use of TSS is still controversial. In selected cases of gonadal masses < 2 cm, TSS seems to be a safe and feasible treatment option. Frozen section examination allows us to discriminate between benign and malignant neoplasms during TSS. Intermediate and long-term follow-up results showed no significant risk of local and distant recurrences in the main series reported in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: TSS is an effective treatment for STMs in selected patients, limiting the unnecessary surgical over-treatments, without compromising the oncological and functional outcomes. Further studies are needed in order to confirm the oncological safety.

La preservación del esfínter interno vesical y la uretra proximal durante la prostatectomía radical retropúbica puede mejorar la recuperación temprana de la continencia en pacientes seleccionados / Preservation of the Internal Vesical Sphincter and Proximal Urethra During Retropubic Radical Prostatectomy may Improve Earlier Recovery of Continence in Selected Patients

Objetivos: Evaluar la influencia de la preservación del esfínter interno muscular y la uretra proximal en la recuperación de la continencia después de la prostatectomía radical (PR). Material y métodos: Cincuenta y cinco pacientes consecutivos con cáncer de próstata confinado al órgano se sometieron a PR con preservación del esfínter interno muscular y la uretra proximal (grupo 1), y se compararon con 55 pacientes sometidos a un procedimiento estándar (grupo 2). Las tasas de continencia se evaluaron mediante un cuestionario autoadministrado a los 3, 7 y 30 días y 3 y 12 meses después de la retirada del catéter. Resultados: El grupo 1 tuvo una recuperación más rápida de la continencia que el grupo 2 a los 3 días (50,9 vs. 25,5%; p = 0,005), a los 7 días (78,2 vs. 58,2%; p = 0,020), a los 30 días (80,0 vs. 61,8%; p = 0,029) y a los 3 meses (81,8 vs. 61,8%; p = 0,017); no hubo diferencia estadísticamente en términos de continencia a los 12 meses entre los 2 grupos. El análisis de regresión logística multivariante de la continencia mostró que la técnica quirúrgica se asoció significativamente con un tiempo temprano hasta la continencia a los 3 y 7 días. Ninguno de los 2 grupos presentó diferencias significativas en cuanto a márgenes quirúrgicos. Conclusiones: Nuestra técnica modificada de PR con preservación del esfínter interno muscular liso, así como de la uretra proximal durante la disección del cuello de la vejiga, dio como resultado un aumento de la continencia urinaria temprana a los 3, 7 y 30 días y 3 meses después de la retirada del catéter. La técnica no aumenta la tasa de márgenes positivos ni la duración del procedimiento

Objectives: To evaluate the influence of preservation of the muscular internal sphincter and proximal urethra on continence recovery after radical prostatectomy (RP). Materials and methods: Fifty-five consecutive patients with organ confined prostate cancer were submitted to RP with the preservation of muscular internal sphincter and the proximal urethra (group 1) and compared to 55 patients submitted to standard procedure (group 2). Continence rates were assessed using a self-administrated questionnaire at 3, 7, 30 days and 3, 12 months after removal of the catheter. Results: Group 1 had a faster recovery of continence than group 2 at 3 days (50.9% vs. 25.5%; p = 0.005), at 7 days (78.2% vs. 58.2%; p = 0.020), at 30 days (80.0% vs. 61.8%; p = 0.029) and at 3 months (81.8% vs. 61.8%; p = 0.017); there were no statistical difference in terms of continence at 12 months among the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of continence showed that surgical technique was significantly associated with earlier time to continence at 3 and 7 days. The two groups had no significant differences in terms of surgical margins. Conclusions: Our modified technique of RP with preservation of smooth muscular internal sphincter as well as of the proximal urethra during bladder neck dissection resulted in significantly increased early urinary continence at 3, 7, 30 days and 3 months after catheter removal. The technique does not increase the rate of positive margins and the duration of the procedure

Survival, Continence and Potency (SCP) recovery after radical retropubic prostatectomy: a long-term combined evaluation of surgical outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To offer a comprehensive account of surgical outcomes on a defined series of patients treated with radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) for prostate cancer in a single European Center after 5-year minimum follow-up according to the Survival, Continence and Potency (SCP) system. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We evaluated our Institutional database of patients who underwent RRP from November 1995 to September 2008. Oncological and functional outcomes were reported according to the recently proposed SCP system. RESULTS: The 5- and 10-year biochemical recurrence-free survival rates were 80.1% and 55.8%, respectively. At the end of follow-up, 611 (78.5%) patients were fully continent (C0), 107 (13.8%) used 1 pad for security (C1) and 60 (7.7%) patients were incontinent (C2). Of the 112 patients who underwent nerve-sparing RRP, 22 (19.6%) were fully potent without aids (P0), 13 (11.6%) were potent with assumption of PDE-5 inhibitors (P1) and 77 (68.8%) experienced erectile dysfunction (P2). The combined SCP outcomes were reported together only in 95 (12.2%) evaluable patients. In patients preoperatively continent and potent, who received a nerve-sparing and did not require adjuvant therapy, oncological and functional success was attained by 29 (30.5%) patients. In the subgroup of 508 patients not evaluable for potency recovery, oncological and continence outcomes were obtained in 357 patients (70.3%). CONCLUSION: Survival, Continence and Potency (SCP) classification offer a comprehensive report of surgical results, even in those patients who do not represent the best category, thus allowing to provide a much more accurate evaluation of outcomes after RP.

Tiempo de isquemia caliente y complicaciones postoperatorias después de la nefrectomía parcial de carcinoma de células renales / Warm ischemia time and postoperative complications after partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma

Objetivo: Evaluar las correlaciones entre puntuaciones PADUA y RENAL, TIC y complicaciones postoperatorias en una cohorte de pacientes que se sometieron a cirugía de conservación de nefronas por elección abierta o mínimamente invasiva para el carcinoma de células renales. Material y métodos: Analizamos 96 pacientes consecutivos que fueron sometidos a nefrectomía parcial por carcinoma de células renales entre 2004 y 2013 en nuestra institución. La prueba de Spearman se utilizó para comparar variables categóricas. Para todos los análisis estadísticos un valor de p < 0,05 de 2 caras se consideró estadísticamente significativo. Resultados: La mediana de puntuación PADUA (RI) fue de 7 (7-8) y la puntuación RENAL mediana (RI) fue de 7 (6-8). La mediana de tiempo de isquemia caliente (RI) fue de 14 min (8-20). Se encontraron complicaciones postoperatorias de grado bajo y alto en 27 (28,1%) y 6 (6,3%) pacientes, respectivamente. Las categorías de grupos de riesgo de PADUA se correlacionaron significativamente con TIC > 20 min y las complicaciones postoperatorias de alto grado, respectivamente (p = 0,04), independientemente del abordaje quirúrgico. Las categorías de grupos de riesgo RENAL predijeron significativamente más tiempo de pinzamiento hiliar en nuestra cohorte (p = 0,04), pero no se encontraron correlaciones estadísticamente significativas con las complicaciones postoperatorias de alto grado. Conclusiones: En nuestra serie retrospectiva las puntuaciones nefrométricas demostraron predecir significativamente mayor tiempo de isquemia caliente y mayores complicaciones postoperatorias, especialmente en aquellos pacientes con tumores renales más difíciles y complejos. Por lo tanto, al planificar realizar la nefrectomía parcial los urólogos deberían utilizar ampliamente estas herramientas completas

Objective: To evaluate the correlations between PADUA and RENAL scores, WIT and postoperative complications in a cohort of patients who underwent elective open or minimally invasive nephron sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma. Materials and methods: We analyzed 96 consecutive patients who underwent partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma between 2004 and 2013 at our Institution. The Spearman test was used to compare categorical variables. For all statistical analyses, a two-sided p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The median (IQR) PADUA score was 7 (7-8) and the median (IQR) RENAL score was 7 (6-8). The median (IQR) warm ischemia time was 14 min (8-20). Low grade and high grade postoperative complications were found in 27 (28.1%) and 6 (6.3%) patients, respectively. PADUA risk group categories significantly correlated with WIT > 20 min and high grade postoperative complications, respectively (p = 0.04), regardless of the surgical approach. RENAL risk group categories significantly predicted longer hilar clamping time in our cohort (p = 0.04), but no statistically significant correlations with high grade postoperative complications were found. Conclusions: In our retrospective series nephrometric scores demonstrated to significantly predict longer warm ischemia time and higher postoperative complications, especially in those patients with more challenging and complex renal tumors. Therefore, when planning to perform partial nephrectomy, urologists should widely use these comprehensive tools

Preservation of the internal vesical sphincter and proximal urethra during retropubic radical prostatectomy may improve earlier recovery of continence in selected patients.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the influence of preservation of the muscular internal sphincter and proximal urethra on continence recovery after radical prostatectomy (RP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-five consecutive patients with organ confined prostate cancer were submitted to RP with the preservation of muscular internal sphincter and the proximal urethra (group 1) and compared to 55 patients submitted to standard procedure (group 2). Continence rates were assessed using a self-administrated questionnaire at 3, 7, 30 days and 3, 12 months after removal of the catheter. RESULTS: Group 1 had a faster recovery of continence than group 2 at 3 days (50.9% vs. 25.5%; P=.005), at 7 days (78.2% vs. 58.2%; P=.020), at 30 days (80.0% vs. 61.8%; P=.029) and at 3 months (81.8% vs. 61.8%; P=.017); there were no statistically difference in terms of continence at 12 months among the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of continence showed that surgical technique was significantly associated with earlier time to continence at 3 and 7 days. The two groups had no significant differences in terms of surgical margins. CONCLUSIONS: Our modified technique of RP with preservation of smooth muscular internal sphincter as well as of the proximal urethra during bladder neck dissection resulted in significant increased early urinary continence at 3, 7, 30 days and 3 months after catheter removal. The technique does not increase the rate of positive margins and the duration of the procedure.

Warm ischemia time and postoperative complications after partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correlations between PADUA and RENAL scores, WIT and postoperative complications in a cohort of patients who underwent elective open or minimally invasive nephron sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed 96 consecutive patients who underwent partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma between 2004 and 2013 at our Institution. The Spearman test was used to compare categorical variables. For all statistical analyses, a two-sided P < .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The median (IQR) PADUA score was 7 (7-8) and the median (IQR) RENAL score was 7 (6-8). The median (IQR) warm ischemia time was 14 min (8-20). Low grade and high grade postoperative complications were found in 27 (28.1%) and 6 (6.3%) patients, respectively. PADUA risk group categories significantly correlated with WIT > 20 minutes and high grade postoperative complications, respectively (P = .04), regardless of the surgical approach. RENAL risk group categories significantly predicted longer hilar clamping time in our cohort (P = .04), but no statistically significant correlations with high grade postoperative complications were found. CONCLUSIONS: In our retrospective series nephrometric scores demonstrated to significantly predict longer warm ischemia time and higher postoperative complications, especially in those patients with more challenging and complex renal tumors. Therefore, when planning to perform partial nephrectomy, urologists should widely use these comprehensive tools.

Vigilancia activa de masas renales pequeñas diagnosticadas en pacientes de edad avanzada o con comorbilidad: en busca de la mejor estrategia de tratamiento / Active surveillance for small renal masses diagnosed in elderly or comorbid patients: Looking for the best treatment strategy

Introducción: El objetivo de este trabajo es proporcionar nuestros resultados tras un protocolo de vigilancia activa (VA) a largo plazo de masas renales pequeñas (MRP), e informar de los resultados obtenidos en pacientes que permanecieron bajo VA comparándolos con aquellos sometidos a intervenciones quirúrgicas tardías. Pacientes y métodos: Se llevó a cabo una revisión retrospectiva de nuestra base de datos de 58 pacientes a los que se había diagnosticado 60 MRP captantes de contraste y con sospecha de cáncer de células renales (CCR). Todos los pacientes tenían una revisión de seguimiento clínico y radiológico cada 6 meses. Se evaluaron las diferencias entre los pacientes que permanecieron bajo VA y aquellos sometidos a intervenciones quirúrgicas tardías. Resultados: La media de edad era de 75 años y la duración media del seguimiento fue de 88,5 meses. El tamaño medio del tumor en el inicio fue de 2,6 cm, y se estimó que el tamaño medio tumoral era de 8,7 cm3. La tasa media de crecimiento lineal del grupo fue de 0,7 cm/año y el crecimiento volumétrico medio fue de 8,8 cm3/año. Se produjo el fallecimiento de 2 pacientes debido a enfermedad metastásica (3,4%). No se encontró ninguna relación entre el tamaño tumoral inicial y el grado de crecimiento. Las tasas medias de crecimiento lineal y volumétrico del grupo de pacientes sometidos a cirugía fueron más elevadas que las de aquellos que permanecieron bajo vigilancia (1,9 frente a 0,4 cm/año y 16,1 frente a 4,6 cm3/año, respectivamente; p < 0,001).Conclusiones: La mayoría de las MRP presentan una evolución poco activa y un potencial metastásico reducido. La enfermedad maligna podría presentar tasas de crecimiento lineal y volumétrico más rápidas, sugiriendo así la necesidad de una intervención quirúrgica tardía. En los pacientes adecuadamente seleccionados, con baja esperanza de vida, la VA podría ser una opción razonable en el manejo de las MRP

Introduction: Aim of this study is to provide our results after long-term active surveillance (AS) protocol for small renal masses (SRMs), and to report the outcomes of patients who remained in AS compared to those who underwent delayed surgical intervention. Patients and methods: We retrospectively reviewed our database of 58 patients diagnosed with 60 contrast enhancing SRMs suspicious for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). All patients had clinical and radiological follow-up every 6 months. We evaluated the differences between patients who remained on AS and those who underwent surgical delayed intervention. Results: The mean age was 75 years, the mean follow-up was 88.5 months. The median initial tumor size at presentation was 2.6 cm, and the median estimated tumor volume was 8.7 cm3. The median linear growth rate of the cohort was 0.7 cm/year, and the median volumetric growth rate was 8.8 cm3/year. Death for metastatic disease occurred in 2 patients (3.4%). No correlation was found between initial tumor size and size growth rate. The mean linear and volumetric growth rates of the group of patients who underwent surgery were higher than in those who remained on surveillance (1.9 vs. 0.4 cm/year and 16.1 vs. 4.6 cm3/year, respectively; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Most of SRMs demonstrate to have an indolent course and low metastatic potential. Malignant disease could have faster linear and volumetric growth rates, thus suggesting the need for a delayed surgical intervention. In properly selected patients with low life-expectancy, AS could be a reasonable option in the management of SRMs

A new preperitoneal technique for the repair of inguinal hernia during prostatic surgery: first 153 procedures.

PURPOSE: We describe a new preperitoneal technique that makes use of a plug fixed with a single percutaneous suture to cover the hernial defect during prostatic surgery. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-seven patients with unilateral or bilateral inguinal hernia underwent preperitoneal prosthetic hernioplasty during pelvic surgery for benign or malignant prostatic pathologies. These procedures (153 hernioplasties in total) were performed by the same urologist using the new technique described. RESULTS: There was only one recurrence (0.6%) reported by patients undergoing preperitoneal inguinal hernioplasty with our new technique. No patients had other complications like infections, fistula, painful scrotum, or hematoma. CONCLUSIONS: The new technique, described by us, is easily performed, and it does not require a long execution time. It provides minimum tension on the surrounding tissues and it can be performed safely and without important complications like recurrence, infection, and chronic pain.

Active surveillance for small renal masses diagnosed in elderly or comorbid patients: looking for the best treatment strategy.

INTRODUCTION: Aim of this study is to provide our results after long-term active surveillance (AS) protocol for small renal masses (SRMs), and to report the outcomes of patients who remained in AS compared to those who underwent delayed surgical intervention. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed our database of 58 patients diagnosed with 60 contrast enhancing SRMs suspicious for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). All patients had clinical and radiological follow-up every 6 months. We evaluated the differences between patients who remained on AS and those who underwent surgical delayed intervention. RESULTS: The mean age was 75 years, the mean follow-up was 88.5 months. The median initial tumor size at presentation was 2.6cm, and the median estimated tumor volume was 8.7cm(3). The median linear growth rate of the cohort was 0.7cm/year, and the median volumetric growth rate was 8.8 cm(3)/year. Death for metastatic disease occurred in 2 patients (3.4%). No correlation was found between initial tumor size and size growth rate. The mean linear and volumetric growth rates of the group of patients who underwent surgery was higher than in those who remained on surveillance (1.9 vs. 0.4cm/year and 16.1 vs. 4.6 cm(3)/year, respectively; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Most of SRMs demonstrate to have an indolent course and low metastatic potential. Malignant disease could have faster linear and volumetric growth rates, thus suggesting the need for a delayed surgical intervention. In properly selected patients with low life-expectancy, AS could be a reasonable option in the management of SRMs.

Kidney preservation: review of present and future perspective.

One of the main problems in transplant surgery is the preservation of the organ during the cold ischemic time. The interrupted blood supply triggers a cascade of biological modifications resulting in cell death, which predisposes to discharge of a large quantity of toxic metabolites at the moment of organ reperfusion. Many approaches have been studied to prevent the toxic processes. Immediately after procurement, kidneys are flushed with these solutions. Two main: techniques of organ preservation are cold static storage and hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP). Based on age and comorbidities, individuals can be generally divided into 2 groups: ideal and marginal donors. Characteristics of organs from marginal donors are associated with an increased rate of delayed graft function and primary graft nonfunction (PNF), which reduce transplant survival and increase the acute rejection risk. In the last 20 years, the United Network of Organ Sharing has reported a 170% increase in deceased donors older than 50 years of age. Techniques of perfusion have been demonstrated to play a pivotal role in graft function after transplantation. Some studies suggest that HMP may improve outcomes after transplantation.

Estudio de diagnóstico por imagen de recidiva tras el tratamiento radical de cáncer de próstata: ¿cómo distinguir entre la enfermedad local y la enfermedad a distancia? Punto de vista del urólogo / Diagnostic imaging work-up for disease relapse after radical treatment for prostate cancer: How to differentiate local from systemic disease? The urologist point of view

Alrededor del 40% de los pacientes que se someten a tratamiento radical de cáncer localizado de próstata (CaP) desarrollan una recidiva bioquímica (RB) a lo largo de su vida, aunque únicamente el 10–20% de ellos manifestará recidivas clínicamente detectables. El lecho prostático, los ganglios pélvicos o retroperitoneales y los huesos (principalmente la columna) son los emplazamientos en los que debemos centrar nuestra atención durante la fase inicial de la recidiva del cáncer de próstata. El tiempo transcurrido hasta la recidiva del PSA, la cinética del PSA, la puntuación patológica de Gleason y el estadio patológico son los principales factores relacionados con la probabilidad de una recidiva local frente a una recidiva a distancia. Antes de realizar un estudio diagnóstico amplio en pacientes con RB, es imperativo comprender si existe o no una consecuencia terapéutica para el paciente. Las técnicas actuales de imagen tienen algún potencial, aunque todavía se siguen encontrando muchos límites en el diagnóstico de la recidiva de la enfermedad. La ecografía transrectal (TRUS) y la resonancia magnética multiparamétrica son poco precisas para la detección de la recidiva. Hoy en día, el PET/TAC de Colina puede visualizar el emplazamiento de la recurrencia de forma más temprana, con una mejor precisión que la imagen convencional, en un único paso e incluso en presencia de un bajo nivel de PSA. En los últimos años, se ha propuesto el nuevo radiotrazador 18F-FACBC como una posible alternativa radio-farmacéutica para la detección de la recidiva del CaP. Desde un punto de vista clínico, los primeros estudios clínicos mostraron unos resultados muy prometedores y reproducibles, con una mejora de la sensibilidad de alrededor de un 20–25% con respecto al PET/TAC de Colina, lo que convierte al FACBC en el posible radiotrazador del futuro para el CaP. En conclusión, se han logrado recientemente muchas mejoras en cuanto a técnicas de imagen para la re-estadificación del CaP, principalmente en Medicina Nuclear y RM, aunque persisten los resultados negativos en muchos casos. La baja sensibilidad, los costes, la disponibilidad de las tecnologías y la confirmación de los resultados siguen siendo las principales limitaciones en muchos casos(AU)

About 40% of all patients undergoing radical treatment for localized prostate cancer (PCa) develop biochemical relapse (BCR) during lifetime but only 10–20% of them will show clinically detectable recurrences. Prostatic bed, pelvic or retroperitoneal lymph nodes (LN) and bones (especially the spine) are the sites where we must focus our attention in the early phase of PSA relapse. Time to PSA relapse, PSA kinetics, pathological Gleason score and pathological stage are the main factors related to the likelihood of local vs. distant relapse. Before an extensive diagnostic work-up in patients with BCR, is mandatory to understand if there is a therapeutic consequence or not for the patient. Current imaging techniques have some potential but many limits are yet encountered in the diagnosis of disease relapse. Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) and Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) have low accuracy in the detection of the recurrence. Today, Choline PET/CT may visualize the site of recurrence earlier, with better accuracy than conventional imaging, in a single step and even in the presence of low PSA level. In recent years, the new radiotracer 18F-FACBC has been proposed as a possible alternative radiopharmaceutical to detect PCa relapse. From a clinical point of view, first clinical studies showed very promising and reproducible results with an improvement in sensitivity is about 20–25% with respect to Choline PET/CT, rendering the FACBC the possible radiotracer of the future for PCa. In conclusion, many improvements have been recently achieved in imaging techniques for PCa restaging, essentially in Nuclear Medicine and MRI, but negative results remain in many cases. Low sensitivity, costs, availability of technologies and confirmation of the results remain the major limitations in most cases(AU)

Diagnostic imaging work-up for disease relapse after radical treatment for prostate cancer: how to differentiate local from systemic disease? The urologist point of view.

About 40% of all patients undergoing radical treatment for localized prostate cancer (PCa) develop biochemical relapse (BCR) during lifetime but only 10-20% of them will show clinically detectable recurrences. Prostatic bed, pelvic or retroperitoneal lymph nodes (LN) and bones (especially the spine) are the sites where we must focus our attention in the early phase of PSA relapse. Time to PSA relapse, PSA kinetics, pathological Gleason score and pathological stage are the main factors related to the likelihood of local vs. distant relapse. Before an extensive diagnostic work-up in patients with BCR, is mandatory to understand if there is a therapeutic consequence or not for the patient. Current imaging techniques have some potential but many limits are yet encountered in the diagnosis of disease relapse. Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) and Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) have low accuracy in the detection of the recurrence. Today, Choline PET/CT may visualize the site of recurrence earlier, with better accuracy than conventional imaging, in a single step and even in the presence of low PSA level. In recent years, the new radiotracer (18)F-FACBC has been proposed as a possible alternative radiopharmaceutical to detect PCa relapse. From a clinical point of view, first clinical studies showed very promising and reproducible results with an improvement in sensitivity is about 20-25% with respect to Choline PET/CT, rendering the FACBC the possible radiotracer of the future for PCa. In conclusion, many improvements have been recently achieved in imaging techniques for PCa restaging, essentially in Nuclear Medicine and MRI, but negative results remain in many cases. Low sensitivity, costs, availability of technologies and confirmation of the results remain the major limitations in most cases.