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2.
Zoonoses Public Health ; 62 Suppl 1: 79-87, 2015 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25421382

ABSTRACT

Use of antimicrobials in animals poses a potential risk for public health as it contributes to the selection and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Although knowledge of the negative consequences of extensive antimicrobial use in humans and animals accumulated over the decades, total therapeutic antimicrobial use in farm animals in the Netherlands doubled between 1990 and 2007. A series of facts and events formed a window of opportunity to reduce antimicrobial use in farm animals. The recent discovery of significant reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing bacteria (ESBL) in farm animals, with potential public health implications, combined with an increasing lack of confidence of the public in intensive livestock industries, and discrepancy between the very low antimicrobial use in humans and high use in animals, resulted in intensive collaboration between the government, veterinary professional organizations and important stakeholders within the livestock sector. A combination of compulsory and voluntary actions with clear reduction goals resulted in a 56% reduction in antimicrobial use in farm animals in the Netherlands between 2007 and 2012 and aims at accomplishing a 70% reduction target in 2015. This article describes and analyses the processes and actions behind this transition from an abundant antimicrobial use in farm animals towards a more prudent application of antimicrobials in farm animals in the Netherlands.


Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Health Policy , Veterinary Medicine/methods , Animal Husbandry , Animals , Cattle , Cooperative Behavior , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Health Policy/legislation & jurisprudence , Humans , Legislation, Veterinary , Netherlands , Poultry , Swine
3.
Rev Sci Tech ; 28(1): 379-89, 2009 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19618641

ABSTRACT

For avian influenza the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) has laid down international standards on notification, trade, diagnosis, surveillance and the production and use of vaccine. These standards are science- and risk-based to ensure safe trade in poultry and poultry products without unjustified barriers. The European Union, with its 27 Member States, has in place harmonised legislation in line with OIE standards. Early detection, rapid diagnosis, notification and high quality Veterinary Services are crucial for ensuring a rapid response to avian influenza outbreaks and for swiftly reducing the risk of virus spread via trade. Depending on the situation, vaccination may also be a very important tool for disease control. The use of high quality vaccines and postvaccination monitoring are essential for the successful implementation of vaccination. Compliance with international standards is of paramount importance for protecting animal and human health in the global crisis of the highly pathogenic avian influenza of the H5N1 subtype.


Subject(s)
Global Health , Influenza Vaccines/standards , Influenza in Birds/prevention & control , Influenza, Human/prevention & control , Vaccination/veterinary , Animals , Birds , Commerce/legislation & jurisprudence , Disease Notification/legislation & jurisprudence , European Union , Government Programs/legislation & jurisprudence , Government Programs/standards , Humans , Influenza in Birds/diagnosis , Legislation, Veterinary/standards , Sentinel Surveillance/veterinary , Vaccination/legislation & jurisprudence , Vaccination/standards , Veterinary Medicine/standards
4.
Rev Sci Tech ; 27(3): 627-32, 2008 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19284032

ABSTRACT

Recognising how difficult it is for some countries to fully eliminate animal diseases from their territory as a whole or to maintain an animal disease free status in parts of their national territory, the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) has introduced the concepts of 'zoning' and 'compartmentalisation' for the purposes of disease control and international trade. Full definitions of these terms are contained in the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code. Compartmentalisation is based on a functional separation by biosecurity measures, whereas zoning is based on a geographical separation. In both cases, relevant animal subpopulations should be clearly defined, recognisable and traceable and should be epidemiologically separated from other subpopulations. Veterinary Authorities as well as the private sector have important responsibilities in establishing and maintaining zones and compartments.


Subject(s)
Commerce/standards , International Agencies , International Cooperation , Poultry Diseases/prevention & control , Veterinary Medicine/standards , Animal Welfare/standards , Animals , Developing Countries , Guidelines as Topic , Humans , Legislation, Veterinary , Poultry
5.
Rev Sci Tech ; 27(3): 679-88, 2008 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19284037

ABSTRACT

The aim of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) procedure of compartmentalisation is to contribute to safe trade in live animals and animal products. The fundamental requirement for its application is that the population considered for trade remains epidemiologically separate from populations of higher risk. Compartmentalisation makes use of a functional separation through management, taking into account all relevant epidemiological factors. In this paper, the authors begin by describing current (inter)national developments and actions in this field. Second, some sensitive issues are outlined where one internationally accepted view would help to implement compartmentalisation successfully in international trade. The OIE standards do not contain the procedure for assessing the biosecurity plan, which is crucial. The authors propose the use of a hazard analysis and critical control point system (HACCP) to determine the effectiveness of a biosecurity plan, taking account of all possible risks and potential disease entry points. This could be based on the model of the Codex Alimentarius Commission. Other issues discussed are the outbreak of disease close to a compartment, the role of certification agencies and non-compliance with the biosecurity plan.


Subject(s)
Animal Diseases/prevention & control , Commerce/standards , Communicable Disease Control/methods , Risk Assessment , Animal Diseases/epidemiology , Animals , Animals, Domestic , Consumer Product Safety , Humans , International Agencies , International Cooperation , Netherlands , Quality Control , Risk Management
6.
Dev Biol (Basel) ; 130: 23-30, 2007.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18411932

ABSTRACT

The current strain of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), H5N1, has caused an unprecedented situation, spreading over three continents, with severe economic and social consequences. The strategy of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) focuses on the following key actions: early warning, early detection, rapid confirmation of suspected cases, rapid response and rapid and transparent notification. Vaccination is one means that can be used to control the virus. During the current H5N1 outbreak, the OIE received many requests from member countries for guidance in deciding whether to vaccinate and in the design of vaccination programmes. The OIE has published a general information document on vaccination against avian influenza and a document giving guidelines for decision-making, including a checklist of essentials for establishing a vaccination programme.


Subject(s)
Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology , Influenza Vaccines , Influenza in Birds/prevention & control , International Cooperation , Vaccination/veterinary , Agriculture , Animals , Commerce , Influenza Vaccines/standards , Influenza in Birds/virology , Poultry , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Vaccination/standards
7.
Pathologe ; 27(3): 212-6, 2006 May.
Article in German | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15959783

ABSTRACT

Zygomycosis (Mucor- and Entomophtoramycosis) of the gastrointestinal tract is rare compared to other mycoses in the gastrointestinal area. The infection occurs mainly in immunosuppressed patients but rare cases concerning immunocompetent persons are also documented. Zygomycosis occurs in the gastrointestine primarily or due to disseminated disease. We report on a 48-year-old female alcohol-addicted patient who underwent gastric biopsies. The biopsy results showed invasive zygomycosis. Shortly thereafter, the patient died of sepsis. The second case presented here is a 15-year-old female patient with recurrent vomiting. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis of duodenal biopsy specimens revealed fungi of the class Zygomycetes. In addition, histological and/or microbiological examination demonstrated the presence of Candida in both cases.Zygomycosis of the gastrointestinal tract can have an aggressive course, making it important to know the morphological characteristics of the disease to facilitate early diagnosis and therapy. This is all the more important because the cultivation of fungi, as in our cases, is not always successful.


Subject(s)
Fungi/isolation & purification , Gastrointestinal Diseases/microbiology , Zygomycosis/pathology , Biopsy , Female , Gastrointestinal Diseases/pathology , Humans , Infant , Middle Aged
8.
Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir ; 9(3): 188-92, 2005 May.
Article in German | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15806427

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Glandular odontogenic cyst (GOC) is a rare lesion of both, the maxilla and mandible, leading to extensive osteolysis. Histologically, it shows thin layers of squamous and cylindrical cells, lined with mucinous metaplasia. This makes it difficult to differentiate from a mucoepidermoid carcinoma. The recurrence rate is high. CASE REPORT: During a routine X-ray examination we saw massive osteolysis of the whole mandible in a 30-year-old female. All teeth were vital. The biopsy taken showed a benign cyst although the clinical aspect was similar to an ameloblastoma. The cyst was removed after intravital fixation with Carnoy's solution. The bony cavity was left without filling material. Uneventful bony healing occurred. DISCUSSION: Due to rare occurrence and similarity to botryoid odontogenic cyst and low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma GOC is difficult to identify. It remains without clinical signs for years and is identified in routine X-rays in most cases. We recommend cystectomy after use of Carnoy's solution for intravital fixation. No filling material is required for complete bony healing.


Subject(s)
Mandibular Diseases/surgery , Odontogenic Cysts/surgery , Adult , Diagnosis, Differential , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Mandible/pathology , Mandibular Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Mandibular Diseases/pathology , Odontogenic Cysts/diagnostic imaging , Odontogenic Cysts/pathology , Osteolysis/diagnostic imaging , Osteolysis/pathology , Osteolysis/surgery , Postoperative Complications/diagnostic imaging , Radiography, Panoramic
10.
Vet Microbiol ; 89(4): 255-65, 2002 Nov 06.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12383635

ABSTRACT

A protocol is described to measure the protection of the bovine fetus against an experimental bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection after vaccination. Two inactivated experimental vaccines were applied twice with a 3 week interval. A mixture of three different Dutch field strains was used as challenge on mainly the 82nd day of gestation to vaccinated and unvaccinated control animals. The challenge was applied 5 months after completion of the two-fold vaccinations. All calves born from unvaccinated control animals were persistently infected. The calves born from dams vaccinated with the two different inactivated BVDV vaccines were persistently infected in 78 and 60%, respectively.


Subject(s)
Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease/immunology , Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral/immunology , Fetus/immunology , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/veterinary , Vaccination/veterinary , Viral Vaccines/immunology , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease/prevention & control , Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease/virology , Carrier State/veterinary , Cattle , Female , Fetus/virology , Leukocyte Count/veterinary , Netherlands , Random Allocation , Trachea/virology , Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology , Vaccines, Inactivated/standards
11.
Arch Virol ; 147(2): 349-61, 2002.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11892688

ABSTRACT

Apparently healthy Rousettus aegyptiacus bats were randomly chosen from a Dutch colony naturally infected with European bat lyssavirus subgenotype 1a (EBL1a). These bats were euthanised three months after the first evidence of an EBL1a infection in the colony. EBL1a genomic and antigenomic RNAs of the nucleoprotein gene were detected by nested reverse transcriptase PCR in 75% of the examined Rousettus aegyptiacus bats. The EBL1a RNAs of the nucleoprotein gene were detected mainly in brain tissues, but also in other organs. EBL1a messenger RNAs of the nucleoprotein gene and the glycoprotein gene were detected in brain tissues. The standard fluorescent antibody test revealed the presence of lyssavirus antigens in brain tissues from 7 (17.5%) Rousettus aegyptiacus bats. Furthermore, EBL1a could not be detected by virus isolation on murine neuroblastoma cells or by intracerebral inoculation of suckling mice. Neutralising antibodies directed against EBL1 were detected in 11% of the examined bats. This study shows that at least 85% of the apparently healthy Rousettus aegyptiacus bats must have been infected with EBL1a, and that these bats may survive from an EBL1a infection. Furthermore, the study supports the possibility of a long-term maintenance of EBL1a genome in Rousettus aegyptiacus bats.


Subject(s)
Chiroptera/virology , Lyssavirus/isolation & purification , RNA, Viral/analysis , Rhabdoviridae Infections/veterinary , Animals , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Antigens, Viral/analysis , Female , Lyssavirus/genetics , Lyssavirus/immunology , Lyssavirus/pathogenicity , Male , Mice , Nucleocapsid/analysis , RNA, Messenger/genetics , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Rhabdoviridae Infections/virology , Sequence Analysis, DNA
12.
Vet Microbiol ; 86(1-2): 115-29, 2002 Apr 22.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11888695

ABSTRACT

In this study, we examined whether an experimental bovine herpesvirus 4 (BHV4) infection can induce bovine mastitis, or can enhance bovine mastitis induced by Streptococcus uberis (S. uberis). Four lactating cows were inoculated intramammarily and intranasally with BHV4, and four lactating control cows were mock-inoculated. After 14 days, two of four cows from each group were inoculated intramammarily with S. uberis. No clinical signs were recorded in cows inoculated only with BHV4, and their milk samples showed no abnormal morphology, despite the fact that BHV4 replicated in inoculated quarters. Somatic cell count increased significantly in milk from three of six BHV4-inoculated quarters, compared to the non-inoculated quarters of the same cows (within-cow) and the quarters of mock-inoculated cows (control group) on days 8, 9 and 11 post-inoculation (pi). BHV4 was isolated from nasal swabs between days 2 and 9 pi. Clinical mastitis was observed in all four cows intramammarily inoculated with S. uberis. A preceding BHV4 infection did not exacerbate the clinical mastitis induced by S. uberis. S. uberis infections appeared to trigger BHV4 replication. From one quarter of each of two cows inoculated with BHV4 and S. uberis, BHV4 was isolated, and not from quarters inoculated with BHV4 only. In conclusion, BHV4 did not induce bovine clinical mastitis after simultaneous intranasal and intramammary inoculation. However, the BHV4 infection did induce subclinical mastitis in 50% of the cows and the quarters.


Subject(s)
Herpesviridae Infections/veterinary , Herpesvirus 4, Bovine/physiology , Mastitis, Bovine/microbiology , Mastitis, Bovine/virology , Streptococcal Infections/veterinary , Tumor Virus Infections/veterinary , Animals , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Body Temperature , Cattle , Female , Herpesviridae Infections/complications , Lactation , Leukocyte Count/veterinary , Milk/microbiology , Milk/virology , Random Allocation , Streptococcal Infections/complications , Streptococcus/growth & development , Tumor Virus Infections/complications
13.
Tijdschr Diergeneeskd ; 126(6): 158-65, 2001 Mar 15.
Article in Dutch | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11285633

ABSTRACT

On 23 February 1999, the Dutch Animal Health Service advised all Dutch veterinary practices to postpone vaccination against bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) immediately. The day before severe disease problems were diagnosed on four dairy farms after vaccination with the same batch of BHV1 marker vaccine. Using monoclonal antibodies, bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) type 2 was found in the vaccine batch. This paper describes an outbreak of BVDV type 2 infection caused by the use of a batch of modified live BHV1 marker vaccine contaminated with BDVD. Sources of information used were reports of farm visits, minutes of meetings, laboratory results, and oral communications from the people involved. The first symptoms of disease were observed on average six days after vaccination. Morbidity was high on 11 of the 12 farms. On five farms more than 70% of the animals became ill, while on one farm no symptoms could be detected. During the first week after vaccination, feed intake and milk production decreased. During the second week, some animals became clinically diseased having nasal discharge, fever, and diarrhoea. At the end of the second week and at the start of the third week, the number of diseased animals increased rapidly, the symptoms became more severe, and some animals died. Mortality varied among herds. Necropsy most often revealed erosions and ulcers of the mucosa of the digestive tract. In addition, degeneration of the liver, hyperaemia of the abomasum, and swollen mesenterial lymph nodes and swollen spleen were found. On 11 of the 12 farms all animals were culled between 32 and 68 days after vaccination after an agreement was reached with the manufacturer of the vaccine. This was the third outbreak of BVD in cattle after administration of a contaminated vaccine in the Netherlands. The possibilities to prevent contamination of a vaccine as a consequence of infection of fetal calf serum with BVDV are discussed. Improvement of controls to prevent contamination before and during vaccine production, and improvement of the monitoring of side-effects is necessary.


Subject(s)
Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease/epidemiology , Diarrhea Virus 2, Bovine Viral/immunology , Disease Outbreaks/veterinary , Drug Contamination , Herpesvirus 1, Bovine/immunology , Viral Vaccines/adverse effects , Animals , Antibodies, Viral/analysis , Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease/etiology , Cattle , Dairying/economics , Drug Contamination/prevention & control , Herpesviridae Infections/prevention & control , Herpesviridae Infections/veterinary , Netherlands , Vaccination/adverse effects , Vaccination/veterinary , Vaccines, Marker/administration & dosage , Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
14.
Tijdschr Diergeneeskd ; 126(6): 189-90, 2001 Mar 15.
Article in Dutch | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11285638

ABSTRACT

In February 1999, 12 Dutch herds were vaccinated with a live bovine herpesvirus 1 vaccine from which bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV) could be isolated. All vaccine batches that were on the Dutch market and that had not yet reached the expiry date were tested for BVDV. In total, seven of 82 batches tested were found positive. Batch numbers TX3607, VB3914, VB3915, VB4046, TW3391, and TV3294 were positive for BVDV type 1, and batch number WG4622 was positive for BVDV type 2. This latter batch induced clinical signs of BVDV in an animal experiment with susceptible animals.


Subject(s)
Diarrhea Virus 1, Bovine Viral/isolation & purification , Diarrhea Virus 2, Bovine Viral/isolation & purification , Drug Contamination , Herpesvirus 1, Bovine/immunology , Viral Vaccines/adverse effects , Animals , Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease/immunology , Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease/prevention & control , Cattle , Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
15.
Tijdschr Diergeneeskd ; 126(6): 208-11, 2001 Mar 15.
Article in Dutch | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11285641

ABSTRACT

The aim of the experiment was to study whether bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) marker vaccine batches known to be contaminated with bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) type 1 could cause BVD in cattle. For this purpose, four groups of cattle were used. The first group (n = 4 calves, the positive control group), was vaccinated with vaccine from a batch contaminated with BVDV type 2. The second group (n = 4 calves, the negative control group), was vaccinated with vaccine from a batch that was not contaminated with BVDV. The third group (n = 39 calves), was vaccinated with a vaccine from one of four batches contaminated with BVDV type 1 (seronegative experimental group). The fourth group (n = 6 seropositive heifers), was vaccinated with a vaccine from one of three batches known to be contaminated with BVDV type 1. All cattle were vaccinated with an overdose of the BHV1 marker vaccine. At the start of the experiment, all calves except those from group 4 were seronegative for BVDV and BHV1. The calves from group 4 had antibodies against BVDV, were BVDV-free and seronegative to BHV1. After vaccination, the positive control calves became severely ill, had fever for several days, and BVDV was isolated from nasal swabs and white blood cells. In addition, these calves produced antibodies to BVDV and BHV1. No difference in clinical scores of the other groups was seen, nor were BVDV or BVDV-specific antibody responses detected in these calves; however, they did produce antibodies against BHV1. The remainder of each vaccine vial used was examined for the presence of infectious BVDV in cell culture. From none of the vials was BVDV isolated after three subsequent passages. This indicates that BVDV was either absent from the vials or was present in too low an amount to be isolated. Thus vaccination of calves with vaccines from BHV1 marker vaccine batches contaminated with BVDV type 1 did not result in BVDV infections.


Subject(s)
Antibodies, Viral/analysis , Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease/etiology , Diarrhea Virus 1, Bovine Viral , Diarrhea Virus 2, Bovine Viral , Drug Contamination , Herpesvirus 1, Bovine/immunology , Viral Vaccines/adverse effects , Animals , Cattle , Diarrhea Virus 1, Bovine Viral/immunology , Diarrhea Virus 1, Bovine Viral/isolation & purification , Diarrhea Virus 2, Bovine Viral/immunology , Diarrhea Virus 2, Bovine Viral/isolation & purification , Time Factors , Vaccines, Marker/administration & dosage , Vaccines, Marker/adverse effects , Vaccines, Marker/immunology , Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage , Viral Vaccines/immunology
16.
Tijdschr Diergeneeskd ; 126(6): 211-7, 2001 Mar 15.
Article in Dutch | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11285642

ABSTRACT

To determine a possible relationship between the compulsory vaccination against bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) and cattle wasting disease, the effects of BHV1 vaccination on heifers were investigated. Twenty heifers in the third trimester of pregnancy were randomly allotted to a vaccine and a control group. The vaccine group was vaccinated twice with a 50-fold dose of BHV1 vaccine and the control group was inoculated with the diluent. The experiment was performed double blind. After vaccination, the cows were examined daily and condition scores were determined weekly. Blood, milk, and faeces samples were collected weekly for virological, bacteriological, and immunological investigation. The heifers were euthanized either 9 or 13 weeks after the first inoculation and pathological, virological, and bacteriological examination was performed. No differences were detected between the vaccine group and the control group. No concurrent infections were detected and there were no indications of immunosuppression after vaccination. No relationship between the BHV1 vaccination and wasting disease in cattle was detected.


Subject(s)
Cattle Diseases/etiology , Herpesvirus 1, Bovine/immunology , Pregnancy Complications/veterinary , Viral Vaccines/adverse effects , Wasting Syndrome/veterinary , Animals , Cattle , Double-Blind Method , Feces/microbiology , Feces/virology , Female , Herpesvirus 1, Bovine/pathogenicity , Immunosuppression Therapy/veterinary , Milk/immunology , Milk/microbiology , Milk/virology , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications/etiology , Time Factors , Vaccination/adverse effects , Vaccination/veterinary , Vaccines, Marker/administration & dosage , Vaccines, Marker/adverse effects , Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage , Wasting Syndrome/etiology
17.
Vaccine ; 19(7-8): 726-34, 2000 Nov 22.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11115693

ABSTRACT

We have demonstrated earlier the usefulness of recombinant porcine parvovirus (PPV) virus-like particles (VLPs) as an efficient recombinant vaccine for PPV. Here, we have demonstrated that preparations of PPV VLPs could be contaminated by recombinant baculoviruses. Since these baculoviruses can be a problem for the registration and safety requirements of the recombinant vaccine, we have tested different baculovirus inactivation strategies, studying simultaneously the integrity and immunogenicity of the VLPs. These methods were pasteurization, treatment with detergents and alkylation with binary ethylenimine (BEI). The structural and functional integrity of the PPV VLPs after the inactivation treatments were analyzed by electron microscopy, hemagglutination, double antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA and immunogenicity studies. Binary ethylenimine and Triton X-100 inactivated particles maintained all the original structural and antigenic properties. In addition, PPV VLPs were subjected to size-exclusion chromatography to analyze the presence of VP2 monomers or any other contaminant. The resulting highly purified material was used as the standard of reference to quantify PPV VLPs in order to determine the dose of vaccine by DAS-ELISA. After immunization experiments in guinea pigs, the antibody titers obtained with all the inactivation procedures were very similar. Triton X-100 treatment was selected for further testing in animals because of the speed, simplicity and safety of the overall procedure.


Subject(s)
Baculoviridae/genetics , Baculoviridae/immunology , Parvovirus/genetics , Parvovirus/immunology , Animals , Antiviral Agents , Aziridines , Baculoviridae/isolation & purification , Base Sequence , Cell Line , Chromatography, Gel , DNA Primers/genetics , Detergents , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Guinea Pigs , Hot Temperature , Microscopy, Electron , Parvoviridae Infections/prevention & control , Parvoviridae Infections/veterinary , Parvovirus/isolation & purification , Spodoptera , Swine , Swine Diseases/prevention & control , Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics , Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology , Vaccines, Synthetic/isolation & purification , Viral Vaccines/genetics , Viral Vaccines/immunology , Viral Vaccines/isolation & purification
18.
Vet Microbiol ; 66(3): 197-207, 1999 Apr 19.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10227122

ABSTRACT

To control the diseases caused by bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), and bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV), it is crucial to know their modes of transmission. The purpose of this study was to determine whether these viruses can be transmitted by air to a substantial extent. Calves were housed in two separate isolation stables in which a unidirectional airflow was maintained through a tube in the wall. In one stable, three of the five calves were experimentally infected with BHV1 and later with BRSV. In the BVDV experiment, two calves persistently infected with BVDV (PI-calves) instead of experimentally infected calves, were used as the source of the virus. In all the calves infections were monitored using virus and antibody detection. Results showed that all the three viruses were transmitted by air. BHV1 spread to sentinel calves in the adjacent stable within three days, and BRSV within nine days, and BVDV spread to sentinel calves probably within one week. Although airborne transmission is possibly not the main route of transmission, these findings will have consequences for disease prevention and regulations in control programmes.


Subject(s)
Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease/transmission , Herpesvirus 1, Bovine/immunology , Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis/transmission , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/veterinary , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine/immunology , Air Microbiology , Animals , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Cattle , Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral/immunology , Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral/isolation & purification , Disease Reservoirs , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary , Herpesvirus 1, Bovine/isolation & purification , Random Allocation , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/transmission , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine/isolation & purification , Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
19.
Vaccine ; 17(15-16): 1983-91, 1999 Apr 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10217598

ABSTRACT

The primary aim of a bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV) vaccine is to prevent transplacental transmission of virus. We studied the efficacy of two experimental conventionally inactivated vaccines, based on BVDV strain Singer and containing a different antigen amount, against three antigenically different BVDV strains in a vaccination-challenge experiment in sheep. We also studied the efficacy of an experimental multivalent E2 subunit vaccine against four antigenically different BVDV strains. The vaccine contained the glycoproteins E2 of BVDV strains that belong to antigenic groups IA, IB and II. All three vaccines induced neutralizing antibodies against all challenge strains. Only the conventional vaccine that contained the highest antigen amount induced complete protection against homologous challenge. Neither of the conventional vaccines provided complete protection against heterologous challenge. The multivalent subunit vaccine induced partial protection against the homologous challenge strains. However, the immune response did inhibit virus replication in ewes, as shown by the results of the virus titrations.


Subject(s)
Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease/transmission , Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral/immunology , Fetal Diseases/veterinary , Sheep Diseases/prevention & control , Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology , Viral Vaccines , Abortion, Veterinary/prevention & control , Animals , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Antibodies, Viral/immunology , Antigens, Viral/immunology , Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease/immunology , Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease/prevention & control , Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease/virology , Cattle , Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral/growth & development , Female , Fetal Diseases/prevention & control , Fetus/immunology , Fetus/virology , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/veterinary , Male , Neutralization Tests , Placenta/immunology , Placenta/virology , Pregnancy , Sheep , Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology , Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology , Viral Vaccines/immunology , Virus Replication
20.
Vet Microbiol ; 64(2-3): 169-83, 1999 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10028171

ABSTRACT

This brief review describes types and quality (efficacy and safety) of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) vaccines that are in the market or under development. Both conventional live and killed vaccines are available. The primary aim of vaccination is to prevent congenital infection, but the few vaccines tested are not highly efficacious in this respect, as shown in vaccination-challenge experiments. Vaccination to prevent severe postnatal infections may be indicated when virulent BVDV strains are prevalent. Live BVDV vaccines have given rise to safety problems. A complication for the development of BVDV vaccines is the wide antigenic diversity among wild-type BVDV. There is ample room for improvement of both the efficacy and safety of BVDV vaccines, and it may be expected that better vaccines, among which marker vaccines, will be launched in the future.


Subject(s)
Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease/prevention & control , Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral/immunology , Disease Reservoirs , Vaccination/veterinary , Viral Vaccines , Animals , Cattle , Fetus/immunology , Vaccines, Attenuated/adverse effects , Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology , Vaccines, Combined/immunology , Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology , Viral Vaccines/adverse effects , Viral Vaccines/immunology , Viral Vaccines/standards
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