Individual differences in numerical representations of risk in health decision making: A fuzzy-trace theory approach.

Fuzzy-trace theory predicts that decisionmakers process numerical information about risk at multiple levels in parallel: the simplest level, nominal (categorical some-none) gist, and at more fine-grained levels, involving relative comparison (ordinal less-more gist) and exact quantities (verbatim representations). However, little is known about how individual differences in these numerical representations relate to judgments and decisions, especially involving health tradeoffs and relative risks. To investigate these differences, we administered measures of categorical and ordinal gist representations of number, objective numeracy, and intelligence in two studies (Ns = 978 and 956). In both studies, categorical and ordinal gist representations of number predicted risk judgments and decisions beyond objective numeracy and intelligence. Participants with higher scores in categorical gist were more likely to choose options to avoid cancer recurrence risks; those who were higher in ordinal gist of numbers were more likely to discriminate relative risk of skin cancer; and those with higher scores in objective numeracy were more likely to choose options that were numerically superior overall in terms of relative risk of skin cancer and of genetic risks of breast cancer (e.g., lower numerical probability of cancer). Results support parallel-processing models that assume multiple representations of numerical information about risk, which vary in precision, and illustrate how individual differences in numerical representations are relevant to tradeoffs and risk comparisons in health decisions. These representations cannot be reduced to one another and explain psychological variations in risk processing that go beyond low versus high levels of objective numeracy.

Playful interventions to promote the subjective wellbeing of pediatric cancer inpatients during laboratory and imaging exams: A qualitative study.

PURPOSE: We investigate the experience of pediatric oncology patients with objects and equipment involved in laboratory and image examinations during hospitalization for cancer treatment while generating guidelines for playful interventions to improve their subjective wellbeing. METHOD: The study was carried out at a public tertiary referral teaching hospital in Southern Brazil. Data collection was based on participatory observations with six children aged 4-8 years. Their experiences with exams were observed through pretend play and recorded in field diaries, audio, and video. Data were analyzed using Thematic Analysis and discussed according to the PERMA-V model, a theoretical framework from positive psychology. RESULTS: Several objects and equipment that seem to affect the wellbeing of children during exams were identified. Four playful interventions were proposed as supportive care initiatives: use of technology to allow immersive experiences in learning about treatment and medical condition; design for personalization; gamifying experiences to allow positive reinforcement; and design for focus redirection. CONCLUSIONS: Guidelines for playful interventions to foster the subjective wellbeing of hospitalized children during image and laboratory exams were proposed. The PERMA-V model provided a solid base for the analysis of the interventions, which will be implemented and tested in future studies in clinical settings.

A comunicação de más notícias em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva: um estudo qualitativo com médicos experientes e novatos / Communicating bad news in the Intensive Care Unit: a qualitative study with experienced and novice physicians / La communication des mauvaises nouvelles dans l'unité de soins intensifs: Une étude qualitative auprès de médecins expérimentés et novices / La comunicación de malas noticias en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos: un estudio cualitativo con médicos experimentados y novatos

Resumo A Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) se caracteriza pela alta complexidade, monitoramento contínuo e ininterrupto, destinando-se ao atendimento de pacientes críticos. Comunicar más notícias neste ambiente gera sentimentos intensos para o paciente e seus familiares. O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender como os médicos percebem o processo de comunicação de más notícias na UTI, bem como identificar os fatores que facilitam e dificultam este processo, e os sentimentos gerados no profissional. Os 15 médicos participantes responderam um questionário online com perguntas abertas e fechadas. O processo de comunicação de más notícias foi considerado difícil e emotivo, independentemente do tempo de atuação em UTI. O conhecimento sobre a história do paciente e de seus familiares foi um fator facilitador e as mudanças inesperadas no quadro clínico do paciente foram fatores dificultadores do processo de comunicação. Os médicos reconheceram a necessidade de desenvolver competências para aprimorar a relação com paciente e famílias.

Abstract Characterized by highly complex, continuous and uninterrupted monitoring, the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) focuses on providing care for critically ill patients. Communicating bad news in this environment generates intense feelings for patients and families. Thus, this study sought to understand how experienced and novice physicians perceive the process of communicating bad news in the ICU, as well as to identify the factors that facilitate and hinder this process, and the feelings generated in the professional. A total of 15 physicians answered an online questionnaire with open and closed questions. Participants reported that the process of communicating bad news is difficult and emotional regardless of ICU length of stay. Knowledge about the patients' history and their families emerged as a facilitating factor, whereas unexpected changes in the patient's clinical condition hindered the communication process. Physicians recognized the need to develop skills as to improve physician-patient relations.

Résumé Caractérisée par une surveillance hautement complexe, continue et ininterrompue, l'unité de soins intensifs (USI) se concentre sur la prise en charge des patients gravement malades. Communiquer de mauvaises nouvelles dans cet environnement génère des sentiments intenses pour les patients et les familles. Cette étude a donc cherché à comprendre comment les médecins expérimentés et novices perçoivent le processus de communication des mauvaises nouvelles dans l'USI, ainsi qu'à identifier les facteurs qui facilitent et entravent ce processus, et les sentiments générés chez le professionnel. Au total, 15 médecins ont répondu à un questionnaire en ligne comportant des questions ouvertes et fermées. Les participants ont indiqué que le processus de communication de mauvaises nouvelles est difficile et émotionnel, quelle que soit la durée du séjour à l'USI. La connaissance de l'histoire des patients et de leur famille est apparue comme un facteur facilitant, tandis que les changements inattendus dans l'état clinique du patient entravaient le processus de communication. Les médecins ont reconnu la nécessité de développer des compétences afin d'améliorer les relations médecin-patient.

Resumen La Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) se caracteriza por tener un monitoreo continuo e ininterrumpido de alta complejidad, destinado a la atención de pacientes críticos. Comunicar malas noticias en este ambiente genera sentimientos intensos para el paciente y sus familiares. El objetivo de este estudio fue comprender cómo los médicos perciben el proceso de comunicación de malas noticias en la UCI, así como identificar los factores que facilitan y dificultan ese proceso, y los sentimientos generados en el profesional. Los 15 médicos participantes respondieron un cuestionario en línea con preguntas abiertas y cerradas. El proceso de comunicar malas noticias se consideró difícil y emotivo, independiente del tiempo de estadía en la UCI. El conocimiento sobre la historia del paciente y sus familiares fue un factor facilitador, y los cambios inesperados en la condición clínica del paciente fueron los factores que dificultaron el proceso de comunicación. Los médicos reconocieron la necesidad de desarrollar habilidades para mejorar la relación con los pacientes y las familias.

Development and Validation of a Predictive Model of Success in Bariatric Surgery.

PURPOSE: There are no criteria to establish priority for bariatric surgery candidates in the public health system in several countries. The aim of this study is to identify preoperative characteristics that allow predicting the success after bariatric surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four hundred and sixty-one patients submitted to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass were included. Success of the surgery was defined as the sum of five outcome variables, assessed at baseline and 12 months after the surgery: excess weight loss, use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) as a treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), daily number of antidiabetics, daily number of antihypertensive drugs, and all-cause mortality. Partial least squares (PLS) regression and multiple linear regression were performed to identify preoperative predictors. We performed a 90/10 split of the dataset in train and test sets and ran a leave-one-out cross-validation on the train set and the best PLS model was chosen based on goodness-of-fit criteria. RESULTS: The preoperative predictors of success after bariatric surgery included lower age, presence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and OSA, more years of CPAP/BiPAP use, negative history of cardiovascular disease, and lower number of antihypertensive drugs. The PLS model displayed a mean absolute percent error of 0.1121 in the test portion of the dataset, leading to accurate predictions of postoperative outcomes. CONCLUSION: This success index allows prioritizing patients with the best indication for the procedure and could be incorporated in the public health system as a support tool in the decision-making process.

A randomized clinical trial of group and individual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy approaches for Social Anxiety Disorder / Un ensayo clínico aleatorizado de Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual grupal e individual para el Trastorno de ansiedad social

To compare the effectiveness of two Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) interventions-an individual and a group intervention-in Social Anxiety Disorder therapy. We compared the two treatment groups against a waitlist condition in a randomized clinical trial with 86 young adults. The individual CBT intervention was Trial-Based Cognitive Therapy (TBCT) developed by De-Oliveira, a novel technique in which the therapist engages the patient in a simulated judicial trial with the goal of identifying and changing core dysfunctional beliefs. The group intervention consisted of exposition therapy based on the Hofmann and Otto protocol (Group CBT) to restructure negative and dysfunctional cognitions regarding social situations. Both interventions reduced psychiatric symptoms from pre- to post-test and primary social anxiety and depression symptoms relative to waitlist controls. The interventions were recently introduced in Brazil, and this is the first randomized control trial to compare TBCT and this Group CBT, which were effective in assessing changes in social anxiety symptoms as well as co-occurring psychiatric symptoms

Comparar la efectividad de dos intervenciones de Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual (TCC)-intervención individual y grupal- en tratamiento del Trastorno de ansiedad social. Comparamos los dos grupos de tratamiento con una condición de lista de espera en un ensayo clínico aleatorizado con 86 adultos jóvenes. La intervención individual de TCC fue la Terapia Cognitiva Basada en Ensayos (TCBE) desarrollada por De-Oliveira, una técnica novedosa en la cual el terapeuta involucra al paciente en un juicio judicial simulado con el objetivo de identificar y cambiar las creencias disfuncionales centrales. La intervención grupal consistió en terapia de exposición basada en el protocolo Hofmann y Otto (TCC grupal) para reestructurar cogniciones negativas y disfuncionales con respecto a situaciones sociales. Ambas intervenciones redujeron los síntomas psiquiátricos antes y después de la prueba y los síntomas de ansiedad y depresión social primarios en relación con los controles de la lista de espera. Las intervenciones se introdujeron recientemente en Brasil, y este es el primer ensayo de control aleatorizado para comparar TCBE y TCC grupal, que fueron efectivos para los cambios en los síntomas de ansiedad social y los síntomas psiquiátricos concurrentes

A randomized clinical trial of group and individual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy approaches for Social Anxiety Disorder.

To compare the effectiveness of two Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) interventions-an individual and a group intervention-in Social Anxiety Disorder therapy. We compared the two treatment groups against a waitlist condition in a randomized clinical trial with 86 young adults. The individual CBT intervention was Trial-Based Cognitive Therapy (TBCT) developed by De-Oliveira, a novel technique in which the therapist engages the patient in a simulated judicial trial with the goal of identifying and changing core dysfunctional beliefs. The group intervention consisted of exposition therapy based on the Hofmann and Otto protocol (Group CBT) to restructure negative and dysfunctional cognitions regarding social situations. Both interventions reduced psychiatric symptoms from pre- to post-test and primary social anxiety and depression symptoms relative to waitlist controls. The interventions were recently introduced in Brazil, and this is the first randomized control trial to compare TBCT and this Group CBT, which were effective in assessing changes in social anxiety symptoms as well as co-occurring psychiatric symptoms.

Comparar la efectividad de dos intervenciones de Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual (TCC)-intervención individual y grupal- en tratamiento del Trastorno de ansiedad social. Comparamos los dos grupos de tratamiento con una condición de lista de espera en un ensayo clínico aleatorizado con 86 adultos jóvenes. La intervención individual de TCC fue la Terapia Cognitiva Basada en Ensayos (TCBE) desarrollada por De-Oliveira, una técnica novedosa en la cual el terapeuta involucra al paciente en un juicio judicial simulado con el objetivo de identificar y cambiar las creencias disfuncionales centrales. La intervención grupal consistió en terapia de exposición basada en el protocolo Hofmann y Otto (TCC grupal) para reestructurar cogniciones negativas y disfuncionales con respecto a situaciones sociales. Ambas intervenciones redujeron los síntomas psiquiátricos antes y después de la prueba y los síntomas de ansiedad y depresión social primarios en relación con los controles de la lista de espera. Las intervenciones se introdujeron recientemente en Brasil, y este es el primer ensayo de control aleatorizado para comparar TCBE y TCC grupal, que fueron efectivos para los cambios en los síntomas de ansiedad social y los síntomas psiquiátricos concurrentes.

Decision Support for Breast Cancer Detection: Classification Improvement Through Feature Selection.

Several statistical-based approaches have been developed to support medical personnel in early breast cancer detection. This article presents a method for feature selection aimed at classifying cases into categories based on patients' breast tissue measures and protein microarray. The effectiveness of this feature selection strategy was evaluated against the commonly used Wisconsin Breast Cancer Database-WBCD (with several patients and fewer features) and a new protein microarray data set (with several features and fewer patients). Features were ranked according to a feature importance index that combines parameters emerging from the unsupervised method of principal component analysis and the supervised method of Bhattacharyya distance. Observations of a training set were iteratively categorized into malignant and benign cases through 3 classification techniques: k-Nearest Neighbor, linear discriminant analysis, and probabilistic neural network. After each classification, the feature with the smallest importance index was removed, and a new categorization was carried out until there was only one feature left. The subset yielding maximum accuracy was used to classify observations in the testing set. Our method yielded average 99.17% accurate classifications in the testing set while retaining average 4.61 out of 9 features in the WBCD, which is comparable to the best results reported by the literature on that data set, with the advantage of relying on simple and widely available multivariate techniques. When applied to the microarray data, the method yielded average accuracy of 98.30% while retaining average 2.17% of the original features. Our results can aid health-care professionals during early diagnosis of breast cancer.

Active engagement in a web-based tutorial to prevent obesity grounded in Fuzzy-Trace Theory predicts higher knowledge and gist comprehension.

We used Sharable Knowledge Objects (SKOs) to create an Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) grounded in Fuzzy-Trace Theory to teach women about obesity prevention: GistFit, getting the gist of healthy eating and exercise. The theory predicts that reliance on gist mental representations (as opposed to verbatim) is more effective in reducing health risks and improving decision making. Technical information was translated into decision-relevant gist representations and gist principles (i.e., healthy values). The SKO was hypothesized to facilitate extracting these gist representations and principles by engaging women in dialogue, "understanding" their responses, and replying appropriately to prompt additional engagement. Participants were randomly assigned to either the obesity prevention tutorial (GistFit) or a control tutorial containing different content using the same technology. Participants were administered assessments of knowledge about nutrition and exercise, gist comprehension, gist principles, behavioral intentions and self-reported behavior. An analysis of engagement in tutorial dialogues and responses to multiple-choice questions to check understanding throughout the tutorial revealed significant correlations between these conversations and scores on subsequent knowledge tests and gist comprehension. Knowledge and comprehension measures correlated with healthier behavior and greater intentions to perform healthy behavior. Differences between GistFit and control tutorials were greater for participants who engaged more fully. Thus, results are consistent with the hypothesis that active engagement with a new gist-based ITS, rather than a passive memorization of verbatim details, was associated with an array of known psychosocial mediators of preventive health decisions, such as knowledge acquisition, and gist comprehension.

Understanding Genetic Breast Cancer Risk: Processing Loci of the BRCA Gist Intelligent Tutoring System.

The BRCA Gist Intelligent Tutoring System helps women understand and make decisions about genetic testing for breast cancer risk. BRCA Gist is guided by Fuzzy-Trace Theory, (FTT) and built using AutoTutor Lite. It responds differently to participants depending on what they say. Seven tutorial dialogues requiring explanation and argumentation are guided by three FTT concepts: forming gist explanations in one's own words, emphasizing decision-relevant information, and deliberating the consequences of decision alternatives. Participants were randomly assigned to BRCA Gist, a control, or impoverished BRCA Gist conditions removing gist explanation dialogues, argumentation dialogues, or FTT images. All BRCA Gist conditions performed significantly better than controls on knowledge, comprehension, and risk assessment. Significant differences in knowledge, comprehension, and fine-grained dialogue analyses demonstrate the efficacy of gist explanation dialogues. FTT images significantly increased knowledge. Providing more elements in arguments against testing correlated with increased knowledge and comprehension.

The effectiveness of argumentation in tutorial dialogues with an Intelligent Tutoring System for genetic risk of breast cancer.

BRCA Gist is an Intelligent Tutoring System that helps women understand issues related to genetic testing and breast cancer risk. In two laboratory experiments and a field experiment with community and web-based samples, an avatar asked 120 participants to produce arguments for and against genetic testing for breast cancer risk. Two raters assessed the number of argumentation elements (claim, reason, backing, etc.) found in response to prompts soliciting arguments for and against genetic testing for breast cancer risk (IRR=.85). When asked to argue for genetic testing, 53.3 % failed to meet the minimum operational definition of making an argument, a claim supported by one or more reasons. When asked to argue against genetic testing, 59.3 % failed to do so. Of those who failed to generate arguments most simply listed disconnected reasons. However, participants who provided arguments against testing (40.7 %) performed significantly higher on a posttest of declarative knowledge. In each study we found positive correlations between the quality of arguments against genetic testing (i.e., number of argumentation elements) and genetic risk categorization scores. Although most interactions did not contain two or more argument elements, when more elements of arguments were included in the argument against genetic testing interaction, participants had greater learning outcomes. Apparently, many participants lack skills in making coherent arguments. These results suggest an association between argumentation ability (knowing how to make complex arguments) and subsequent learning. Better education in developing arguments may be necessary for people to learn from generating arguments within Intelligent Tutoring Systems and other settings.

Tutorial dialogues and gist explanations of genetic breast cancer risk.

The intelligent tutoring system (ITS) BRCA Gist is a Web-based tutor developed using the Shareable Knowledge Objects (SKO) platform that uses latent semantic analysis to engage women in natural-language dialogues to teach about breast cancer risk. BRCA Gist appears to be the first ITS designed to assist patients' health decision making. Two studies provide fine-grained analyses of the verbal interactions between BRCA Gist and women responding to five questions pertaining to breast cancer and genetic risk. We examined how "gist explanations" generated by participants during natural-language dialogues related to outcomes. Using reliable rubrics, scripts of the participants' verbal interactions with BRCA Gist were rated for content and for the appropriateness of the tutor's responses. Human researchers' scores for the content covered by the participants were strongly correlated with the coverage scores generated by BRCA Gist, indicating that BRCA Gist accurately assesses the extent to which people respond appropriately. In Study 1, participants' performance during the dialogues was consistently associated with learning outcomes about breast cancer risk. Study 2 was a field study with a more diverse population. Participants with an undergraduate degree or less education who were randomly assigned to BRCA Gist scored higher on tests of knowledge than those assigned to the National Cancer Institute website or than a control group. We replicated findings that the more expected content that participants included in their gist explanations, the better they performed on outcome measures. As fuzzy-trace theory suggests, encouraging people to develop and elaborate upon gist explanations appears to improve learning, comprehension, and decision making.

Efficacy of a web-based intelligent tutoring system for communicating genetic risk of breast cancer: a fuzzy-trace theory approach.

BACKGROUND: . Many healthy women consider genetic testing for breast cancer risk, yet BRCA testing issues are complex. OBJECTIVE: . To determine whether an intelligent tutor, BRCA Gist, grounded in fuzzy-trace theory (FTT), increases gist comprehension and knowledge about genetic testing for breast cancer risk, improving decision making. DESIGN: . In 2 experiments, 410 healthy undergraduate women were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: an online module using a Web-based tutoring system (BRCA Gist) that uses artificial intelligence technology, a second group read highly similar content from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Web site, and a third that completed an unrelated tutorial. INTERVENTION: . BRCA Gist applied FTT and was designed to help participants develop gist comprehension of topics relevant to decisions about BRCA genetic testing, including how breast cancer spreads, inherited genetic mutations, and base rates. MEASURES: . We measured content knowledge, gist comprehension of decision-relevant information, interest in testing, and genetic risk and testing judgments. RESULTS: . Control knowledge scores ranged from 54% to 56%, NCI improved significantly to 65% and 70%, and BRCA Gist improved significantly more to 75% and 77%, P < 0.0001. BRCA Gist scored higher on gist comprehension than NCI and control, P < 0.0001. Control genetic risk-assessment mean was 48% correct; BRCA Gist (61%) and NCI (56%) were significantly higher, P < 0.0001. BRCA Gist participants recommended less testing for women without risk factors (not good candidates; 24% and 19%) than controls (50%, both experiments) and NCI (32%), experiment 2, P < 0.0001. BRCA Gist testing interest was lower than in controls, P < 0.0001. LIMITATIONS: . BRCA Gist has not been tested with older women from diverse groups. CONCLUSIONS: . Intelligent tutors, such as BRCA Gist, are scalable, cost-effective ways of helping people understand complex issues, improving decision making.

Communicating Numerical Risk: Human Factors That Aid Understanding in Health Care.

In this chapter, we review evidence from the human factors literature that verbal and visual formats can help increase the understanding of numerical risk information in health care. These visual representations of risk are grounded in empirically supported theory. As background, we first review research showing that people often have difficulty understanding numerical risks and benefits in health information. In particular, we discuss how understanding the meanings of numbers results in healthier decisions. Then, we discuss the processes that determine how communication of numerical risks can enhance (or degrade) health judgments and decisions. Specifically, we examine two different approaches to risk communication: a traditional approach and fuzzy-trace theory. Applying research on the complications of understanding and communicating risks, we then highlight how different visual representations are best suited to communicating different risk messages (i.e., their gist). In particular, we review verbal and visual messages that highlight gist representations that can better communicate health information and improve informed decision making. This discussion is informed by human factors theories and methods, which involve the study of how to maximize the interaction between humans and the tools they use. Finally, we present implications and recommendations for future research on human factors in health care.

Falsas memórias e diferenças individuais: um estudo sobre fatores de personalidade e qualidade da memória / False memories and individual differences: a study of personality traits and memory quality

As distorções mnemônicas têm recebido atenção crescente da comunidade científica nacional e internacional. No entanto, a relação entre os mecanismos responsáveis pelas distorções mnemônicas e as diferenças individuais no desempenho da memória ainda permanecem pouco explorados na literatura. O presente estudo visa a investigar a influência de fatores de personalidade na suscetibilidade às falsas memórias. Para isso, 200 estudantes universitários de diversos cursos de graduação, foram submetidos ao procedimento de Palavras Associadas (DRM) para investigar o desempenho da memória, e ao Inventário Fatorial de Personalidade (IFP). Os níveis extremos obtidos no IFP (baixa vs. alta pontuação na escala) foram utilizados para investigar as diferenças individuais. Os resultados mostraram que memórias verdadeiras e falsas foram afetadas apenas pelos fatores de personalidade afiliação e autonomia.(AU)

Research on mnemonic distortions has increased among researchers worldwide. However, the relation between the mechanisms responsible for memory distortions and individual differences that influence memory performance is still to be investigated. The present study aims to investigate the influence of personality traits in the susceptibility to false memories. Participants were 200 college students from different majors. The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) Procedure was used to investigate memory performance and the Personality Traits Inventory was used to identify distinct personality traits. Results indicate that true and false memories were affected only by affiliation and autonomy personality traits.(AU)

Falsas memórias e diferenças individuais: um estudo sobre fatores de personalidade e qualidade da memória / False memories and individual differences: a study of personality traits and memory quality

As distorções mnemônicas têm recebido atenção crescente da comunidade científica nacional e internacional. No entanto, a relação entre os mecanismos responsáveis pelas distorções mnemônicas e as diferenças individuais no desempenho da memória ainda permanecem pouco explorados na literatura. O presente estudo visa a investigar a influência de fatores de personalidade na suscetibilidade às falsas memórias. Para isso, 200 estudantes universitários de diversos cursos de graduação, foram submetidos ao procedimento de Palavras Associadas (DRM) para investigar o desempenho da memória, e ao Inventário Fatorial de Personalidade (IFP). Os níveis extremos obtidos no IFP (baixa vs. alta pontuação na escala) foram utilizados para investigar as diferenças individuais. Os resultados mostraram que memórias verdadeiras e falsas foram afetadas apenas pelos fatores de personalidade afiliação e autonomia...

Research on mnemonic distortions has increased among researchers worldwide. However, the relation between the mechanisms responsible for memory distortions and individual differences that influence memory performance is still to be investigated. The present study aims to investigate the influence of personality traits in the susceptibility to false memories. Participants were 200 college students from different majors. The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) Procedure was used to investigate memory performance and the Personality Traits Inventory was used to identify distinct personality traits. Results indicate that true and false memories were affected only by affiliation and autonomy personality traits...