ABSTRACT
To examine the feasibility of measuring the nitric oxide (NO) metabolites nitrate and nitrite in microdialysate samples from the human brain, microdialysis probes were placed in normal appearing cerebral cortex of severely head injured patients in the Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit at Ben Taub General Hospital. Nitrate/nitrite analysis was performed using NO chemiluminescence. Low micromolar levels of NO metabolites were consistently and easily detected. These levels seen are comparable to levels reported in CSF but tissue tortuosity and probe recovery considerations suggest that the absolute concentrations at the probe site are probably ten fold higher. Microdialysis with measurement of nitric oxide metabolites is technically feasible and may provide valuable insights into both normal neurochemistry and neurochemical derangements in disease.
Subject(s)
Brain/metabolism , Cerebral Cortex/metabolism , Craniocerebral Trauma/metabolism , Monitoring, Physiologic/methods , Nitrates/metabolism , Nitric Oxide/metabolism , Nitrites/metabolism , Biomarkers/analysis , Humans , Microdialysis/methods , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
The nurse must be aware of her or his role and responsibilities when implementing IVCS guidelines. Nurses performing IVCS must be knowledgeable of state and institutional guidelines for IVCS, medications included in IVCS, and the assessment, monitoring, and documentation required in caring for the patient receiving IVCS. The process of IVCS may seem tedious, but if an institution has clearly defined expectations, as provided in the IVCS guidelines, the process is much more understandable and can be readily instituted. The patient undergoing IVCS deserves the highest quality care possible with the fewest complications, a situation that can be achieved with proper preparation and implementation of an IVCS program.
Subject(s)
Conscious Sedation/methods , Conscious Sedation/nursing , Critical Care/methods , Drug Monitoring , Humans , Nursing Assessment , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Total Quality ManagementSubject(s)
Adrenal Glands/enzymology , Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/pharmacology , Monoamine Oxidase/metabolism , Pituitary Gland/physiology , Adrenal Glands/analysis , Adrenal Glands/physiology , Animals , Body Weight/drug effects , Carbon Radioisotopes , Catechol O-Methyltransferase/analysis , Catecholamines/analysis , Dexamethasone/pharmacology , Female , Hypophysectomy , Organ Size , Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase/analysis , Rats , Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/analysisSubject(s)
Carcinogens/pharmacology , Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/drug effects , Leukemia Virus, Murine , Acetone , Animals , Benzene , Benzopyrenes , Cell Line , Cells, Cultured , Chromatography, Ion Exchange , Clone Cells/drug effects , Culture Media , Embryo, Mammalian , Methylcholanthrene , Mice , Mice, Inbred AKR , Neoplasm Transplantation , Sarcoma, Experimental/chemically induced , Smog/analysis , Stimulation, Chemical , Time Factors , Transplantation, HomologousSubject(s)
Air Pollution , Benzopyrenes/pharmacology , Carcinogens/pharmacology , Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/drug effects , Dimethyl Sulfoxide/pharmacology , Methylcholanthrene/pharmacology , Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/pharmacology , Animals , Antibody Formation , Benzene , California , Carcinogens/administration & dosage , Carcinogens/isolation & purification , Cell Line , Cells, Cultured , Clone Cells , Complement Fixation Tests , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Embryo, Mammalian , Ion Exchange , Methanol , Mice , Rats , RetroviridaeSubject(s)
Methyltransferases/metabolism , Vas Deferens/enzymology , Animals , Carbon Isotopes , Catechol O-Methyltransferase/metabolism , Electric Stimulation , Guinea Pigs , In Vitro Techniques , Male , Monoamine Oxidase/metabolism , Norepinephrine/metabolism , Pargyline/pharmacology , Stomach/innervation , Time Factors , Tritium , Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/metabolism , Vas Deferens/metabolismSubject(s)
Air Pollution/analysis , Carcinogens , Cell Transformation, Neoplastic , Leukemia Virus, Murine , Acetone/pharmacology , Animals , Benz(a)Anthracenes/isolation & purification , Benz(a)Anthracenes/pharmacology , Benzopyrenes/isolation & purification , Benzopyrenes/pharmacology , Cells, Cultured , Embryo, Mammalian , Mice , Neoplasm Transplantation , Neoplasms, Experimental/etiology , Rats , Retroviridae , Smog/analysisABSTRACT
Extracts of particulate matter from condensates of city air were tested for their ability to transform rat or hamster cell cultures. Uninfected rat embryo cultures were not transformed, but cultures chronically infected with Rauscher leukemia virus were transformed by benzpyrene or by extracts of city smog. The smog extracts were 600 times more active than pure benzpyrene as transforming agents. Hamster embryo cultures infected with hamster leukemia virus were equally as sensitive as leukemia-infected rat cultures to the transforming effects of smog; uninfected hamster cultures were also transformed, although tenfold higher doses of smog extract were required.
