The Brazilian hip and groin outcome score (HAGOS-Br): cross-cultural adaptation and measurement properties.

BACKGROUND: Hip and groin pain or symptoms is a recurrent musculoskeletal complaint among young and active individuals. It is important to objectively measure functional limitations using patient-related outcomes that have been validated in the language of the target population. OBJECTIVES: To perform a cross-cultural adaptation and to evaluate the measurement properties of the Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) for the Brazilian population. METHODS: We adapted the HAGOS to Brazilian Portuguese and evaluated the following measurement properties: internal consistency, test-retest reliability, measurement error, and structural and construct validity. The sample recruited consisted of active individuals between 18 and 55 years of age with long standing hip and groin pain and individuals who participated in sports with high physical demand of the hip and groin region. RESULTS: A total of 103 athletes and physically active individuals of both sexes participated in this study. The HAGOS was successfully translated and culturally adapted to the Brazilian population. Factor analysis confirmed that the HAGOS consists of six subscales. The HAGOS-Br showed good internal consistency. The CFA revealed a Cronbach's alpha for the HAGOS subscales ranging from 0.86 to 0.96, test-retest reliability was substantial, with intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from 0.81 to 0.94 for the six subscales and an acceptable measurement error (standard error of measurement [SEM]=5.43-11.15 points; and smallest detectable chance [SDC]= 16.71-30.9 points). Good construct validity existed with more than 75% of the pre-defined hypotheses being confirmed. No ceiling or floor effects were observed. CONCLUSION: The HAGOS-Br showed to be equivalent to the original version with adequate validity and reliability properties.

High-energy dose of therapeutic ultrasound in the treatment of patellar tendinopathy: protocol of a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Patellar tendinopathy is an extremely debilitating condition and its treatment usually requires a combination of clinical approaches. Therapeutic ultrasound (TUS) is one of the most available electrophysical agent in rehabilitation settings; however, there is also a lack of high-quality studies that test different dosimetric aspects of TUS. Thus, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the short-, medium-, and long-term effects of the combination of high-energy TUS with a rehabilitation program for patellar tendinopathy. METHODS: This will be a randomized, placebo-controlled trial with blinding of patients, assessors, and therapist. The setting is an outpatient physical therapy clinic. We will recruit 66 participants (male and female) aged between 18 and 40 years and presenting with patellar tendinopathy. A treatment combining high-energy dose TUS and a rehabilitation program for patellar tendinopathy will be delivered twice a week for 8 weeks. The control group will receive the same treatment, but with a placebo TUS. The effectiveness of the intervention will be measured at the beginning (baseline), midpoint (4 weeks), and end of treatment (8 weeks), as well as at 3- and 6-months post-treatment. Primary outcomes will be pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS), and VISA-P questionnaire and primary time points will be baseline (T0) and the end of the program (T2). Also, IPAQ-short form questionnaire, muscle strength (manual dynamometry), 2D kinematics, pain pressure threshold (PPT) algometry, thermography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) will be collected. DISCUSSION: TUS will be applied in an attempt to enhance the results obtained with the rehabilitation program proposed in this study, as well as stimulate some repair responses in individuals undergoing treatment for patellar tendinopathy, which in turn may optimize and improve treatment programs for patellar tendinopathy as well as to establish new guidelines for the application of TUS. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was prospectively registered at April-3rd-2018 and updated at September-1st-2019 in the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (REBEC) under the registration number: RBR-658n6w.

THE EFFECTS OF VARIED TENSIONS OF KINESIOLOGY TAPING ON QUADRICEPS STRENGTH AND LOWER LIMB FUNCTION.

BACKGROUND: Kinesiology Taping (KT) may promote changes in muscle strength and motor performance, topics of great interest in the sports-medicine sciences. These characteristics are purported to be associated with the tension generated by the KT on the skin. However, the most suitable tension for the attainment of these strength and performance effects has not yet been confirmed. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study was to analyze the effects of different tensions of KT on the isometric contraction of the quadriceps and lower limb function of healthy individuals over a period of seven days. STUDY DESIGN: Blind, randomized, clinical trial. METHODS: One hundred and thirty healthy individuals were distributed into the following five groups: control (without KT); KT0 (KT without tension); KT50; KT75 and KT100 (approximately 50%, 75% and 100% tension applied to the tape, respectively). Assessments of isometric quadriceps strength were conducted using a hand held dynamometer. Lower limb function was assessed through Single Hop Test for Distance, with five measurement periods: baseline; immediately after KT application; three days after KT; five days after KT; and 72h after KT removal (follow-up). RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) at any of the studied periods on participants' quadriceps strength nor in the function of the lower dominant limb, based on comparisons between the control group and the experimental groups. CONCLUSION: KT applied with different tensions did not produce modulations, in short or long-term, on quadriceps' strength or lower limb function of healthy individuals. Therefore, this type of KT application, when seeking these objectives, should be reconsidered. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 1b.

Exercises with partial vascular occlusion in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to evaluate whether women with knee osteoarthritis performing a rehabilitation programme consisting of low-load exercises combined with PVO exhibited the same results in changes in quadriceps strength, pain relief, and functional improvement when compared to women receiving a programme consisting of high-load exercises without PVO. METHODS: Thirty-four women (mean age, 61 years) with a diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis were randomly assigned to a conventional or occlusion group. The women in the conventional group (n = 17) performed a 6-week quadriceps strengthening and stretching programme using a load around 70 % of the 1-repetition maximum (RM). The women in the occlusion group (n = 17) performed the same programme, however, only using a load around 30 % of the 1-RM, while PVO was induced. The PVO was achieved using a pressure cuff applied to the upper third of the thigh and inflated to 200 mmHg during the quadriceps exercise. An 11-point Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), the Lequesne questionnaire, the Timed-Up and Go (TUG) test, and muscle strength measurement using a hand-held dynamometer were used as outcome measures at baseline (pretreatment) and at the end of the 6-week of treatment. Pain, using the NPRS, was also assessed when performing the quadriceps exercises during the exercise sessions. RESULTS: At baseline, demographic, strength, pain, and functional assessment data were similar between groups. Patients from both the conventional and occlusion groups had a higher level of function (Lequesne and TUG test), less pain (NPRS), and higher quadriceps strength at the 6-week evaluation when compared to baseline (all P < 0.05). However, the between-group analysis showed no differences for all outcomes variables at posttreatment (n.s.). Patients in the occlusion group experienced less anterior knee discomfort during the treatment sessions than those in the high-load exercise group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: A rehabilitation programme that combined PVO to low-load exercise resulted in similar benefits in pain, function, and quadriceps strength than a programme using high-load conventional exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis. However, the use of PVO combined with low-load exercise resulted in less anterior knee pain during the training sessions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: I.

Influence of nitric oxide in the improvement of muscle power

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVETo evaluate whether nitric oxide (NO) supplementa-tion is directly related to increased muscle power in response to strength exercise trainingMETHODSThe study included 36 individuals who underwent training for eight weeks (three times per week) with weights, who were randomly divided into two groups, both receiving the same training protocol, but one group used 3g of arginine, as a precursor of NO, and the other received placeboRESULTSThere was no significant difference between groups, only a significant difference for both groups between moments: before and after the training protocolCONCLUSIONOral administration of arginine asso-ciated with a training program did not increase the muscular power of individuals. Level of Evidence I, Study Type: Highquality randomized trial with statistically significant diffe-rence or no statistically significant difference but narrow confidence intervals.

Influence of nitric oxide in the improvement of muscle power.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether nitric oxide (NO) supplementa-tion is directly related to increased muscle power in response to strength exercise training. METHODS: The study included 36 individuals who underwent training for eight weeks (three times per week) with weights, who were randomly divided into two groups, both receiving the same training protocol, but one group used 3g of arginine, as a precursor of NO, and the other received placebo. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between groups, only a significant difference for both groups between moments: before and after the training protocol. CONCLUSION: Oral administration of arginine asso-ciated with a training program did not increase the muscular power of individuals. Level of Evidence I, Study Type: Highquality randomized trial with statistically significant diffe-rence or no statistically significant difference but narrow confidence intervals.

Comparison of isometric ankle strength between females with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome.

INTRODUCTION: Proximal and distal influences on the knee may be related as etiological factors of patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). The distal factors include subtalar excessive pronation as well as medial tibia rotation, but no study has investigated whether ankle weakness could lead to alterations that influence the patellofemoral joint. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare the ankle dorsiflexor and invertor muscles strength, as well as rearfoot eversion and the Navicular Drop Test (NDT) in females with PFPS to a control group of females of similar demographics without PFPS. METHODS: Forty females, between 20 and 40 years of age (control group: n=20; PFPS group: n=20) participated. Rearfoot eversion range of motion and the NDT were assessed for both groups. The Numeric Pain Rating Scale and the Anterior Knee Pain Scale were used to evaluate the level of pain and the functional capacity of the knee during activities, respectively. Isometric ankle dorsiflexor and invertor strength was measured using a handheld dynamometer as the dependent variable. RESULTS: The isometric strength of the dorsiflexor and invertor muscle groups in females with PFPS was not statistically different (P>0.05) than that of the control group. There was no statistically significant difference between groups for rearfoot eversion and NDT (p>0.05). DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: These results suggest that there is no difference between isometric ankle dorsiflexion and inversion strength, the NDT, and rearfoot eversion range of motion in females with and without PFPS. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3-b.

Frequency of spondylolysis and chronic low back pain in young soccer players / Frequência de espondilólise e lombalgia crônica em jovens jogadores de futebol / Frecuencia de espondilolisis y dolor lumbar crónica en jóvenes futbolistas

Objective: To demonstrate the safety of soccer for adolescents in terms of chronic lesions of the lumbar spine, particularly spondylolysis. Methods: 54 young players underwent a pre-season assessment. The athletes were submitted to radiography of the lumbosacral spine. Players complaining of chronic low back pain were later submitted to more specific tests. Results: only 1 athlete (1.85 % of our sample) had complaints of chronic low back pain. In this case, the radiograph showed olisthesis grade I spondylolysis at the L5 level. Conclusion: Soccer proved to be a very safe sport in terms of the risk of developing chronic lesions of the lumbosacral spine. However, the actual incidence of spondylolysis in these athletes was not determined because only plain radiographs were used in this study.

Objetivo: Demonstrar a segurança da prática do futebol para adolescentes em relação às lesões crônicas da coluna lombar, em especial a espondilólise. Métodos: Cinquenta e quatro jovens jogadores realizaram a avaliação da pré-temporada. Os atletas foram submetidos a radiografias da coluna lombossacra. Jogadores com queixa de lombalgia crônica seriam submetidos posteriormente a exames mais específicos. Resultados: Apenas um atleta tinha queixa de lombalgia crônica. Neste caso, a radiografia evidenciou espondilólise bilateral de L5 com listese grau I (1,85% de nossa casuística). Conclusão: O futebol de campo mostrou ser um esporte bastante seguro quanto ao risco de desenvolvimento de lesões crônicas da coluna lombossacra. No entanto a real incidência da espondilólise nesses atletas não foi determinada, porque apenas radiografias simples foram utilizadas neste estudo.

Objetivo: Demostrar la seguridad de la práctica de fútbol para los adolescentes en relación con las lesiones lumbares crónicas, especialmente espondilólisis. Métodos: Cincuenta y cuatro jóvenes jugadores realizaron la evaluación de la pretemporada. Los atletas fueron sometidos a una radiografía de la columna lumbosacra. Los jugadores con queja de dolor lumbar crónico se presentarían posteriormente a pruebas más específicas. Resultados: Sólo un atleta tenía quejas de dolor lumbar crónico. En este caso, la radiografía mostró espondilólisis bilateral de L5 con olistesis de grado I (1,85 % de la muestra). Conclusión: El fútbol resultó ser un deporte muy seguro para el riesgo de aparición de lesiones crónicas de la columna lumbosacra. Sin embargo, la incidencia real de espondilólisis en estos atletas no se determinó debido a que sólo las radiografías simples se utilizaron en este estudio.

Open kinetic chain exercises in a restricted range of motion after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a randomized controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown that an early start of open kinetic chain (OKC) exercises for quadriceps strengthening in a full range of motion (ROM) could increase anterior knee laxity after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with flexor tendons. However, there are no clinical trials that evaluated outcomes of OKC exercises in a restricted ROM for pain, function, muscle strength, and anterior knee laxity at 1 year after surgery. PURPOSE: To determine if an early start of OKC exercises for quadriceps strength in a restricted ROM would promote a clinical improvement without causing increased anterior knee laxity in patients after ACL reconstruction. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized controlled clinical trial; Level of evidence, 1. METHODS: A total of 49 patients between 16 and 50 years of age who underwent ACL reconstruction with semitendinosus and gracilis autografts were randomly assigned to an early start OKC (EOKC) exercise group or a late start OKC (LOKC) exercise group. The EOKC group (n = 25; mean age, 26 years) received a rehabilitation protocol with an early start of OKC (fourth week postoperatively) within a restricted ROM between 45° and 90°. The LOKC group (n = 24; mean age, 24 years) performed the same protocol with a late start of OKC exercises between 0° and 90° (12th week postoperatively). Quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength, 11-point numerical pain rating scale (NPRS), Lysholm knee scoring scale, single-legged and crossover hop tests, and anterior knee laxity were measured to assess outcomes at the 12-week, 19-week, 25-week, and 17-month postoperative follow-up (range, 13-24 months). RESULTS: No difference (P < .05) was noted between groups with respect to demographic data. Both groups (EOKC and LOKC) had a higher level of function and less pain at the 19-week, 25-week, and 17-month assessments when compared with 12 weeks postoperatively (P < .05). The EOKC group had improved quadriceps muscle strength at the 19-week, 25-week, and 17-month follow-up when compared with 12 weeks postoperatively (P < .05); the LOKC group showed improvement only at the 17-month postoperative assessment. However, the analysis between groups showed no difference for all pain and functional assessments, including anterior knee laxity (P > .05). CONCLUSION: An early start of OKC exercises for quadriceps strengthening in a restricted ROM did not differ from a late start in terms of anterior knee laxity. The EOKC group reached the same findings in relation to pain decrease and functional improvement when compared with the LOKC group but showed a faster recovery in quadriceps strength. The nonweightbearing exercises seem appropriate for patients who have undergone ACL reconstruction, when utilized in a specific ROM. The magnitude of difference in quadriceps strength between the 2 rehabilitation protocols was around 5%; however, this difference was not clinically significant, especially because both groups had equal function on the hop tests.

Hip posterolateral musculature strengthening in sedentary women with patellofemoral pain syndrome: a randomized controlled clinical trial with 1-year follow-up.

STUDY DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. OBJECTIVES: To determine if adding hip-strengthening exercises to a conventional knee exercise program produces better long-term outcomes than conventional knee exercises alone in women with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown that a hip-strengthening program reduces pain and improves function in individuals with PFPS. However, there are no clinical trials evaluating long-term outcomes of this type of program compared to conventional knee-strengthening and -stretching exercises. METHODS: Fifty-four sedentary women between 20 and 40 years of age, with a diagnosis of unilateral PFPS, were randomly assigned knee exercise (KE) or knee and hip exercise (KHE). The women in the KE group (n = 26; mean age, 23 years) performed a 4-week conventional knee-stretching and -strengthening program. The women in the KHE group (n = 28; mean age, 22 years) performed the same exercises as those in the KE group, as well as strengthening exercises for the hip abductors, lateral rotators, and extensors. An 11-point numeric pain rating scale, the Lower Extremity Functional Scale, the Anterior Knee Pain Scale, and a single-hop test were used as outcome measures at baseline (pretreatment) and 3, 6, and 12 months posttreatment. RESULTS: At baseline, demographic, pain, and functional assessment data were similar between groups. Those in the KHE group had a higher level of function and less pain at 3, 6, and 12 months compared to baseline (P<.05). In contrast, the KE group had reduced pain only at the 3- and 6-month follow-ups (P<.05), without any changes in Lower Extremity Functional Scale, Anterior Knee Pain Scale, or hop testing (P>.05) through the course of the study. Compared to the KE group, the KHE group had less pain and better function at 3, 6, and 12 months posttreatment (P<.05). For the Lower Extremity Functional Scale, the between-group difference in change scores from baseline at 3, 6, and 12 months posttreatment favored the KHE group by 22.0, 22.0, and 20.8 points, respectively. CONCLUSION: Knee-stretching and -strengthening exercises supplemented by hip posterolateral musculature-strengthening exercises were more effective than knee exercises alone in improving long-term function and reducing pain in sedentary women with PFPS.

REHABILITATION PROTOCOL AFTER ISOLATED POSTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION.

To create a rehabilitation protocol following reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), through a literature review. The literature review was conducted in the Medline and Embase databases, to search for data on biomechanical concepts and analyses relating to the posterior cruciate ligament of the knee. The search strategy was set up using the following rules: problem or injury in association with anatomical location terms; or surgical intervention procedure in association with rehabilitation terms. We began the process in this manner and subsequently introduced restrictions on certain terms to improve the search specificity. To design the protocol, a table was created for better data assessment, based on the time that elapsed between surgery and the start of physiotherapy. A rehabilitation protocol was created to improve weight-bearing control in the initial weeks after surgery, with the aid of a knee brace. Our aim was to achieve gains in total range of motion of the knee, which should be attained by the third month, thereby avoiding contractures resulting from the tissue healing process. Strengthening exercises and sensory-motor training were guided accordingly, thus avoiding overload on the graft and respecting the healing phases. The protocol proposed through this review was based on the current evidence relating to this subject.

Protocolo de reabilitação para as reconstruções isoladas do ligamento cruzado posterior / Rehabilitation protocol after isolated posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Elaborar um protocolo de reabilitação pós-reconstrução do ligamento cruzado posterior (LCP) através de revisão da literatura. Foi realizada uma revisão da literatura em busca de dados referentes a conceitos e estudos biomecânicos relacionados com o ligamento cruzado posterior do joelho, utilizando-se os bancos de dados Medline e Embase. A estratégia de busca foi montada com a seguinte regra: problema ou lesão, associado a termos de localização anatômica, procedimento de intervenção cirúrgica associado a termos de reabilitação. Iniciamos o processo desta forma e posteriormente realizamos restrições a termos específicos para melhorar a especificidade da busca. Para confecção do protocolo, uma tabela foi construída para melhor direcionamento dos dados, com base no tempo decorrido do procedimento cirúrgico até o início da fisioterapia. Um protocolo de reabilitação foi criado para melhor controle da descarga de peso nas primeiras semanas com o auxílio de imobilizador de joelho. Objetivamos o ganho da amplitude de movimento total do joelho, que deve ser conseguido até o terceiro mês, evitando-se, assim, contraturas resultantes do processo de cicatrização tecidual. Os exercícios de fortalecimento e treino sensório-motor foram orientados de acordo, evitando-se sobrecarga sobre o enxerto e respeitando os períodos de cicatrização do mesmo. O protocolo proposto nesta revisão foi enquadrado dentro das evidências atuais sobre o assunto.

To create a rehabilitation protocol following reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), through a literature review. The literature review was conducted in the Medline and Embase databases, to search for data on biomechanical concepts and analyses relating to the posterior cruciate ligament of the knee. The search strategy was set up using the following rules: problem or injury in association with anatomical location terms; or surgical intervention procedure in association with rehabilitation terms. We began the process in this manner and subsequently introduced restrictions on certain terms to improve the search specificity. To design the protocol, a table was created for better data assessment, based on the time that elapsed between surgery and the start of physiotherapy. A rehabilitation protocol was created to improve weight-bearing control in the initial weeks after surgery, with the aid of a knee brace. Our aim was to achieve gains in total range of motion of the knee, which should be attained by the third month, thereby avoiding contractures resulting from the tissue healing process. Strengthening exercises and sensory-motor training were guided accordingly, thus avoiding overload on the graft and respecting the healing phases. The protocol proposed through this review was based on the current evidence relating to this subject.

Efeito imediato da utilização da joelheira elástica em indivíduos com osteoartrite / Immediate effect of the elastic knee sleeve use on individuals with osteoarthritis

INTRODUÇÃO: A osteoartrite (OA) de joelho normalmente ocasiona dificuldades na realização de diversas atividades rotineiras, sendo um dos principais motivos de procura por serviços médicos e fisioterapêuticos. Existem diversas modalidades de tratamento, com resultados variados. A utilização da joelheira como recurso adjunto tem-se mostrado controversa na literatura. OBJETIVO: Analisar a eficácia imediata da joelheira elástica na dor e na capacidade funcional em indivíduos com OA de joelho. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados 74 sujeitos sintomáticos (132 joelhos) com OA de joelho por meio dos testes Stair Climb Power Test (SCPT), Timed Up and Go (TUG) e Caminhada de 8 Metros (C8M), além da escala visual analógica (EVA) para dor. Os testes foram realizados com e sem joelheira; a ordem e a presença ou ausência das joelheiras durante os testes foram randomizadas e com avaliador cego. RESULTADOS: Foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significante entre as duas situações comparadas (com e sem joelheira) para EVA (P < 0,001), mostrando redução da dor com a joelheira. Análises com os três testes funcionais em ambas as condições foram realizadas, resultando diferenças estatisticamente significantes para os testes C8M e TUG (P < 0,05), mas não no SCPT (P > 0,1339). CONCLUSÃO: A joelheira elástica foi eficiente na melhora imediata da capacidade funcional e da dor em indivíduos com OA de joelho, pois melhorou o desempenho durante os testes propostos. Sendo assim, entende-se que se trata de um recurso coadjuvante para o tratamento da OAJ por ser prático, útil, de fácil emprego clínico e que pode auxiliar e/ou facilitar a realização de exercícios terapêuticos.

BACKGROUND: Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is one of the major reasons for seeking medical and physical therapy services, because it usually causes difficulties in performing daily life activities. There are several types of treatment, with varied results. The use of knee sleeve as an adjuvant resource has been controversial in the literature. OBJECTIVE: To assess the immediate efficacy of elastic knee sleeve on pain and functional capacity of individuals with KOA. METHODS: Seventy-four patients (132 knees) with symptomatic KOA were assessed by use of the Stair Climb Power Test (SCPT), Timed Up and Go (TUG) and 8-Meter Walk (8MW) tests, in addition to the VAS for pain. The tests were performed with and without knee sleeves, with a cover on the knees to hide knee sleeve. The order and the presence of the knee sleeve were randomized, and the investigator was blind. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference was found between the two compared circumstances (with and without knee sleeve) when using the VAS (P < 0.001), which showed a reduction in pain with the knee sleeve use. Analyses of the three functional tests under both circumstances were performed, resulting in statistically significant differences in 8MW and TUG tests (P < 0.05), but not in SCPT (P > 0.1339). CONCLUSION: The elastic knee sleeve proved to be effective to immediately improve the functional capacity and pain of individuals with KOA, because it enhanced performance during the tests proposed. Thus, the knee sleeve is an adjuvant resource for treating KOA, because it is practical, useful, and of easy clinical use, and can aid in the practice of therapeutic exercises.

Immediate effect of the elastic knee sleeve use on individuals with osteoarthritis.

BACKGROUND: Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is one of the major reasons for seeking medical and physical therapy services, because it usually causes difficulties in performing daily life activities. There are several types of treatment, with varied results. The use of knee sleeve as an adjuvant resource has been controversial in the literature. OBJECTIVE: To assess the immediate efficacy of elastic knee sleeve on pain and functional capacity of individuals with KOA. METHODS: Seventy-four patients (132 knees) with symptomatic KOA were assessed by use of the Stair Climb Power Test (SCPT), Timed Up and Go (TUG) and 8-Meter Walk (8MW) tests, in addition to the VAS for pain. The tests were performed with and without knee sleeves, with a cover on the knees to hide knee sleeve. The order and the presence of the knee sleeve were randomized, and the investigator was blind. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference was found between the two compared circumstances (with and without knee sleeve) when using the VAS (P < 0.001), which showed a reduction in pain with the knee sleeve use. Analyses of the three functional tests under both circumstances were performed, resulting in statistically significant differences in 8MW and TUG tests (P < 0.05), but not in SCPT (P > 0.1339). CONCLUSION: The elastic knee sleeve proved to be effective to immediately improve the functional capacity and pain of individuals with KOA, because it enhanced performance during the tests proposed. Thus, the knee sleeve is an adjuvant resource for treating KOA, because it is practical, useful, and of easy clinical use, and can aid in the practice of therapeutic exercises.

Teste de controle neuromuscular em indivíduos submetidos à reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior e em tratamento fisioterapêutico avançado / Neuromuscular control test in individuals submitted anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and in advanced physiotherapeutic treatment

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A avaliação dinâmica do controle neuromuscular do joelho através do Star Excursion BalanceTest (SEBT) é apenas sugerida, porém, não existem estudos utilizando este teste pós-reconstrução ligamentar. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se há alteração no controle neuromuscular por meio do SEBT, em indivíduos submetidos a tratamento fisioterapêutico pós-reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior. MÉTODO: O SEBT consiste em oito linhas retas de 120 cm de comprimento e três cm de largura, feitas de napa, tendo estas retas o início em um ponto único, formando um centro, com angulação de 45º entre cada reta. Deu-se o nome para cada reta conforme sua direção: ântero-lateral (AL); anterior(ANT); ântero-medial (AM); medial (MD); pôstero-medial(PM); posterior (PO); pôstero-lateral (PL) e lateral (LAT). A avaliação foi bilateral. O SEBT foi aplicado em 20 pessoas, com 10 no grupo controle e 10 ao grupo lesão e utilizou-se o teste t de Student, ANOVA e pós-teste de Tukey para a comparação entre lados e grupos. RESULTADOS: Ao comparar-se a média da somatória das oito retas, não houve diferença no grupo lesão, grupo controle e ao comparar os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: Na avaliação do SEBT para a amostra estudada, não há acometimento do controle sensório motor em indivíduos em treino de controle neuromuscular avançado.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The evaluation of dynamic neuromuscular control of the knee through the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) is only suggested, however, thereare no studies using this test after ligament reconstruction. This study aimed to evaluate if there are changes in neuromuscular control through the SEBT in subjects undergoing physical therapyafter reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament. METHOD: The SEBT consists of eight straight lines of 120 cm long and three cm wide, made from NAPA, and these lines startat a single point, forming a center with 45-degree angle betweeneach line. The name was given to each line according to its direction: the anterolateral (AL), anterior (ANT), anteromedial (AM), medial (MD), posterior-medial (PM), posterior (PO), posterior- lateral (PL) and lateral (LAT). The assessment was bilateral. The SEBT was applied to 20 individuals, 10 belonging to the control group and 10 to the injury group and used the t Student test, ANOVA and Tukey post-test for comparison between sides and groups. RESULTS: When comparing the average of the sum of the eight lines, there was no difference in the injury group, control group and when groups were compared. CONCLUSION: In the evaluation of SEBT for the sample studied, there is no involvement of the sensorimotor control in individuals in advanced neuromuscular control training.

Short-term effects of hip abductors and lateral rotators strengthening in females with patellofemoral pain syndrome: a randomized controlled clinical trial.

STUDY DESIGN: Randomized clinical trial. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of strengthening the hip abductor and lateral rotator musculature on pain and function of females with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). BACKGROUND: Hip muscle weakness in women athletes has been the focus of many recent studies and is suggested as an important impairment to address in the conservative treatment of women with PFPS. However, it is still not well established if strengthening these muscles is associated with clinical improvement in pain and function in sedentary females with PFPS. METHODS: Seventy females (average±SD age, 25±07 years), with a diagnosis of unilateral PFPS, were distributed randomly into 3 groups: 22 females in the knee exercise group, who received a conventional treatment that emphasized stretching and strengthening of the knee musculature; 23 females in the knee and hip exercise group, who performed exercises to strengthen the hip abductors and external rotators in addition to the same exercises performed by those in the knee exercise group; and of the 25 females who did not receive any treatment. The females of the nontreatment group (control) were instructed to maintain their normal daily activities. An 11-point numerical pain rating scale (NPRS) was used to assess pain during stair ascent and descent. The lower extremity functional scale (LEFS) and the anterior knee pain scale (AKPS) were used to assess function. The single-limb single hop test was also used as a functional outcome to measure preintervention and 4-week postintervention function. RESULTS: The 3 groups were homogeneous prior to treatment in respect to demographic, pain, and functional scales data. Both the knee exercise and the knee and hip exercise groups showed significant improvement in the LEFS, the AKPS, and the NPRS, when compared to the control group (P<.05 and P<.001, respectively). But, when we considered minimal clinically important differences, only the knee and hip exercise group demonstrated mean improvements in AKPS and pain scores that were large enough to be clinically meaningful. For the single-limb single hop test, both groups receiving an intervention showed greater improvement than the control group, but there was no difference between the 2 interventions (P>.05). CONCLUSION: Rehabilitation programs focusing on knee strengthening exercises and knee strengthening exercises supplemented by hip strengthening exercises were both effective in improving function and reducing pain in sedentary women with PFPS. Improvements of pain and function were greater for the group that performed the hip strengthening exercises, but the difference was significant only for pain rating while descending stairs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapy, level 1b-.

Fratura supracondiliana do fêmur durante salto após reconstrução artroscópica do ligamento cruzado anterior / Supracondylar emur fracture during jump after anterior cruciate ligament arthroscopic reconstruction

CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: A fratura distal do fêmur é uma das possíveis complicações no período pós-operatório de reconstrução de LCA, porém, de incidência rara. RELATO DE CASO: Descreve-se o caso de um atleta de 34 anos, gênero masculino, no quinto mês de pós-operatório de reconstrução de LCA. O caso evoluía normalmente de acordo com o protocolo estabelecido; o paciente apresentava bom controle e estabilidade sensoriomotora, quando sofreu fratura supracondiliana do fêmur ao realizar um salto durante atendimento fisioterápico. A reconstrução ligamentar foi realizada com enxerto dos músculos flexores do joelho e a fratura, ocasionada posteriormente, reduzida e fixada com placa e parafuso. Dez meses após a redução aberta e fixação interna da fratura, apresenta função regular na escala Lysholm, amplitude de movimento normal e força muscular grau V em flexores e extensores da coxa. DISCUSSÃO: Poucos relatos de caso semelhantes ao presente foram encontrados na literatura; a maioria apresentou fratura do fêmur após a reconstrução do LCA com tendão patelar. Este caso mostra-se relevante pela associação da fratura supracondiliana do fêmur com reconstrução ligamentar com tendões dos flexores, visto que apenas um trabalho seguiu tal direção. Dentre as prováveis causas dessa fratura, destacam-se uma fragilidade óssea por desuso e túnel ósseo femoral de diâmetro maior que o padrão, apesar de não haver consenso em relação a essas alterações. Uma hipótese sugerida pelos autores deste relato é de que o túnel ósseo de fixação do enxerto pode ter sido um intensificador de estresse sobre o local da fratura.

BACKGROUND: Distal femoral fracture is one of the possible complications on the post operative period of the ACL reconstruction; however, with rare incidence. CASE REPORT: This study reports a male 34 year-old athlete, five months after ACL reconstruction surgery. The case developed normally in accordance with the established protocol. The patient presented good control and sensory-motor stability when he suffered a supracondylar femur fracture. This fracture occurred during a jump in the physical therapy treatment. The ligament reconstruction was done with the tendon graft of the knee flexors muscles, and the fracture caused later, was reduced and stabilized with plate and screw. Ten months after open reduction and internal fixation of the fracture, the patient showed regular function in the Lysholm scale, normal range of movement and muscular force grade V for knee flexors and extensors. DISCUSSION: Few case reports similar to the present one were found in the literature. The majority presented femur fracture after ACL reconstruction with patellar tendon. The present case shows significance by the association between supracondylar femur fracture with ligament reconstruction with flexors tendon, since only one case followed this direction. Two of the possible causes of this fracture are bone fragility for disuse and femoral tunnel bone bigger than the normal, despite not being a consensus. A hypothesis suggested by the authors of this paper is that the bone tunnel of graft fixation could have been a stress booster to the site of the fracture.