[Estimation of cancer incidence in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, based on real data]. / Estimativa da incidência de câncer no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, a partir de dados reais.

This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of applying a method of estimating the incidence of cancer to regions of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, from real data (not estimated) and retrospectively comparing the results obtained with the official estimates. A method based on mortality and on the incidence to mortality (I/M) ration was used according to sex, age, and tumor location. In the I/M numerator, new cases of cancer were used from the population records of Jaú and São Paulo from 2006-2010; in the denominator, deaths from 2006-2010 in the respective areas, extracted from the national mortality system. The estimates resulted from the multiplication of I/M by the number of cancer deaths in 2010 for each region. Population data from the 2010 Demographic Census were used to estimate incidence rates. For the adjustment by age, the world standard population was used. We calculated the relative differences between the gross incidence rates estimated in this study and the official ones. Age-adjusted cancer incidence rates were 260.9/100,000 for men and 216.6/100,000 for women. Prostate cancer was the most common in males, whereas breast cancer was most common in females. Differences between the rates of this study and the official rates were 3.3% and 1.5% for each sex. The estimated incidence was compatible with the officially presented state profile, indicating that the application of real data did not alter the morbidity profile, while it did indicate different risk magnitudes. Despite the over-representativeness of the cancer registry with greater population coverage, the selected method proved feasible to point out different patterns within the state.

Este estudo teve como objetivos avaliar a viabilidade de aplicação do método de estimativa da incidência de câncer nas regiões do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, a partir de dados reais (ou seja, não estimados), e comparar, retrospectivamente, os resultados obtidos com as estimativas oficiais. Utilizou-se método baseado na mortalidade e nas razões de incidência e mortalidade (I/M), segundo sexo, idade e localização do tumor. No numerador da I/M, utilizaram-se casos novos de câncer dos registros populacionais de Jaú e São Paulo de 2006 a 2010; no denominador estão os óbitos de 2006 a 2010 nas respectivas áreas, extraídos do sistema de mortalidade nacional. As estimativas resultaram da multiplicação das I/M pelo número de óbitos por câncer em 2010 em cada região. Dados populacionais do Censo Demográfico de 2010 foram usados para o cálculo de taxas de incidência. Para o ajuste por idade, utilizou-se a população padrão mundial. Calculamos diferenças relativas entre as taxas brutas de incidência estimadas neste estudo e as oficiais. As taxas de incidência de câncer ajustadas por idade foram de 260,9/100 mil em homens e de 216,6/100 mil em mulheres. O câncer de próstata foi o mais incidente no sexo masculino, e no feminino o câncer de mama. As diferenças entre as taxas deste estudo e as oficiais foram de 3,3% e 1,5% em cada sexo. A incidência estimada mostrou-se compatível com o perfil estadual apresentado oficialmente, indicando que a aplicação de dados reais não alterou o perfil de morbidade, mas indicou a magnitudes de riscos distintos. Apesar da super representatividade do registro de câncer de maior cobertura populacional, o método selecionado mostrou-se viável para apontar diferentes padrões intraestaduais.

Este estudio tuvo por objetivo evaluar la viabilidad de aplicar un método para estimar la incidencia de cáncer en las regiones del estado de São Paulo, Brasil, a partir de datos reales (no estimados) y comparar retrospectivamente los resultados obtenidos con las estimaciones oficiales. Se aplicó un método que se basa en la mortalidad y las razones de incidencia y mortalidad (I/M) según sexo, edad y localización del tumor. En el numerador de la I/M se pusieron los casos nuevos de cáncer de los registros de población de Jaú y São Paulo entre 2006 y 2010; y en el denominador, las defunciones en 2006-2010 en las respectivas áreas, extraída la información del sistema nacional de mortalidad. Las estimaciones provienen de multiplicar las I/M por el número de muertes por cáncer en 2010 en cada región. Los datos poblacionales del Censo Demográfico de 2010 se utilizaron para calcular las tasas de incidencia. Para el ajuste por edad se utilizó la población estándar mundial. Se calcularon la diferencia relativa entre la tasa bruta de incidencia estimada en este estudio y la oficial. Las tasas de incidencia de cáncer ajustadas por edad fueron 260,9/100.000 en hombres y 216,6/100.000 en mujeres. El cáncer de próstata fue el más frecuente en varones, y el cáncer de mama en mujeres. Las diferencias entre las tasa de este estudio y la oficial fueron del 3,3% y el 1,5% para cada género. La incidencia estimada fue compatible con el perfil del estado presentado oficialmente, lo que indica que la aplicación de datos reales no modificó el perfil de morbilidad, pero apuntó magnitudes de riesgo diferentes. A pesar de la sobrerrepresentación del registro de cáncer con mayor cobertura poblacional, el método seleccionado demostró ser viable para identificar diferentes patrones entre estados.

Adaptação transcultural e análise da confiabilidade da versão brasileira do questionário de reabilitação para o trabalho - WORQ / Cross-cultural adaptation and reliability analysis of the Brazilian version of the Work Rehabilitation Questionnaire (WORQ)

Resumo Introdução O Work Rehabilitation Questionnaire (WORQ) é um instrumento internacional baseado na Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde para avaliar a capacidade funcional em pessoas com deficiência para o trabalho. Objetivo Realizar adaptação transcultural e análise da confiabilidade para a população brasileira. Métodos A adaptação transcultural consistiu em tradução, síntese das traduções, retrotraduções, análise do comitê de juízes, pré-teste e teste piloto. Os resultados foram obtidos pelo cálculo da taxa de concordância para equivalência semântica, idiomática, experiencial e conceitual. A confiabilidade foi testada por análise de estabilidade, equivalência e consistência interna por meio do cálculo de α-Cronbach e Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (ICC). Resultados Participaram da primeira etapa 05 tradutores, 08 juízes e 14 possíveis usuários no pré-teste. A taxa de concordância foi menor que 90% apenas na equivalência idiomática, resultando em ajustes ortográficos sem alterar o construto do instrumento. A confiabilidade foi testada em 34 trabalhadores com deficiência, idade média de 40,3 (±4,2) anos, ambos os sexos, funcionários de uma instituição de ensino de São Paulo inseridos pela lei de cotas (8.213/91). A Consistência Interna apresentou valores superiores a 80% em todos os domínios e foi maior que 90% para o escore total. Após 15 dias da primeira avaliação, foram sorteados 20 desses participantes para reavaliação. O ICC para estabilidade foi 82,5% (p=0,008) e equivalência foi 95,4% (p<0,001). Conclusão O questionário WORQ foi traduzido e adaptado transculturalmente para o português brasileiro e apresentou confiabilidade para responder aos domínios da CIF. A versão brasileira está disponível na home page do WORQ, no endereço eletrônico http://www.myworq.org/questionnaire_en.php.

Abstract Introduction The Work Rehabilitation Questionnaire (WORQ) is an international instrument, based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), used to assess the functional capacity of people with work disabilities. Objective To perform a cross-cultural adaptation and a reliability analysis of this instrument for the Brazilian population. Method The cross-cultural adaptation consisted of translation, synthesis of translations, back translations, analysis by the committee of judges, pre-test, and pilot test. The results were obtained by calculating the agreement rate for semantic, idiomatic, experiential, and conceptual equivalence. Reliability was tested by analysis of stability, equivalence, and internal consistency by calculating Cronbach's Alpha and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Results Five translators, eight judges, and 14 possible users in the pre-test participated in the first stage. The agreement rate was <90% only for idiomatic equivalence, resulting in orthographic adjustments without changing the instrument construct. The reliability was tested on 34 workers with disabilities, with a mean age of 40.3 (±4.2) years, of both sexes, employees of an educational institution in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, hired through the Quotas Law (8,213/91). The internal consistency showed values >80% in all domains and was >90% for the total score. Fifteen days after the first assessment, 20 of these participants were randomly selected for reassessment. The ICC values for stability and equivalence were 82.5% (p=0.008) and 95.4% (p<0.001), respectively. Conclusion The WORQ was translated and cross-culturally adapted to Brazilian Portuguese and reliably responded to the ICF domains. The Brazilian version of the WORQ is available at http://www.myworq.org/questionnaire_en.php.

Estimativa da incidência de câncer no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, a partir de dados reais / Estimation of cancer incidence in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, based on real data / Estimación de incidencia de cáncer en el estado de São Paulo, Brasil, con base en datos reales

Este estudo teve como objetivos avaliar a viabilidade de aplicação do método de estimativa da incidência de câncer nas regiões do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, a partir de dados reais (ou seja, não estimados), e comparar, retrospectivamente, os resultados obtidos com as estimativas oficiais. Utilizou-se método baseado na mortalidade e nas razões de incidência e mortalidade (I/M), segundo sexo, idade e localização do tumor. No numerador da I/M, utilizaram-se casos novos de câncer dos registros populacionais de Jaú e São Paulo de 2006 a 2010; no denominador estão os óbitos de 2006 a 2010 nas respectivas áreas, extraídos do sistema de mortalidade nacional. As estimativas resultaram da multiplicação das I/M pelo número de óbitos por câncer em 2010 em cada região. Dados populacionais do Censo Demográfico de 2010 foram usados para o cálculo de taxas de incidência. Para o ajuste por idade, utilizou-se a população padrão mundial. Calculamos diferenças relativas entre as taxas brutas de incidência estimadas neste estudo e as oficiais. As taxas de incidência de câncer ajustadas por idade foram de 260,9/100 mil em homens e de 216,6/100 mil em mulheres. O câncer de próstata foi o mais incidente no sexo masculino, e no feminino o câncer de mama. As diferenças entre as taxas deste estudo e as oficiais foram de 3,3% e 1,5% em cada sexo. A incidência estimada mostrou-se compatível com o perfil estadual apresentado oficialmente, indicando que a aplicação de dados reais não alterou o perfil de morbidade, mas indicou a magnitudes de riscos distintos. Apesar da super representatividade do registro de câncer de maior cobertura populacional, o método selecionado mostrou-se viável para apontar diferentes padrões intraestaduais.

This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of applying a method of estimating the incidence of cancer to regions of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, from real data (not estimated) and retrospectively comparing the results obtained with the official estimates. A method based on mortality and on the incidence to mortality (I/M) ration was used according to sex, age, and tumor location. In the I/M numerator, new cases of cancer were used from the population records of Jaú and São Paulo from 2006-2010; in the denominator, deaths from 2006-2010 in the respective areas, extracted from the national mortality system. The estimates resulted from the multiplication of I/M by the number of cancer deaths in 2010 for each region. Population data from the 2010 Demographic Census were used to estimate incidence rates. For the adjustment by age, the world standard population was used. We calculated the relative differences between the gross incidence rates estimated in this study and the official ones. Age-adjusted cancer incidence rates were 260.9/100,000 for men and 216.6/100,000 for women. Prostate cancer was the most common in males, whereas breast cancer was most common in females. Differences between the rates of this study and the official rates were 3.3% and 1.5% for each sex. The estimated incidence was compatible with the officially presented state profile, indicating that the application of real data did not alter the morbidity profile, while it did indicate different risk magnitudes. Despite the over-representativeness of the cancer registry with greater population coverage, the selected method proved feasible to point out different patterns within the state.

Este estudio tuvo por objetivo evaluar la viabilidad de aplicar un método para estimar la incidencia de cáncer en las regiones del estado de São Paulo, Brasil, a partir de datos reales (no estimados) y comparar retrospectivamente los resultados obtenidos con las estimaciones oficiales. Se aplicó un método que se basa en la mortalidad y las razones de incidencia y mortalidad (I/M) según sexo, edad y localización del tumor. En el numerador de la I/M se pusieron los casos nuevos de cáncer de los registros de población de Jaú y São Paulo entre 2006 y 2010; y en el denominador, las defunciones en 2006-2010 en las respectivas áreas, extraída la información del sistema nacional de mortalidad. Las estimaciones provienen de multiplicar las I/M por el número de muertes por cáncer en 2010 en cada región. Los datos poblacionales del Censo Demográfico de 2010 se utilizaron para calcular las tasas de incidencia. Para el ajuste por edad se utilizó la población estándar mundial. Se calcularon la diferencia relativa entre la tasa bruta de incidencia estimada en este estudio y la oficial. Las tasas de incidencia de cáncer ajustadas por edad fueron 260,9/100.000 en hombres y 216,6/100.000 en mujeres. El cáncer de próstata fue el más frecuente en varones, y el cáncer de mama en mujeres. Las diferencias entre las tasa de este estudio y la oficial fueron del 3,3% y el 1,5% para cada género. La incidencia estimada fue compatible con el perfil del estado presentado oficialmente, lo que indica que la aplicación de datos reales no modificó el perfil de morbilidad, pero apuntó magnitudes de riesgo diferentes. A pesar de la sobrerrepresentación del registro de cáncer con mayor cobertura poblacional, el método seleccionado demostró ser viable para identificar diferentes patrones entre estados.

Identification of categories of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health in functional assessment measures for stroke survivors: a systematic review.

Objective: Perform a systematic review to identify the categories of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health linked to the concepts measured by functional assessment tools validated for Brazilian Portuguese: Timed Up and Go test, Functional Independence Measure, Barthel Index, and Rivermead Mobility Index and Modified Rankin Scale.Methods: The Medline, Embase and CINAHL databases were consulted using a standardized search strategy. The studies were summarized using a pre-established set of specific criteria for the adequate linkage between the concepts identified in the assessment measures and the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health categories. Two independent reviewers performed the selection of the studies, data extraction and evaluation of the results.Results: The search of the databanks led to the retrieval of 99 studies. However, only six articles were included in the present review. The linkage results of the studies included in the review were divergent, likely due to the taxonomic complexity of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, the difficulty in clearly relating the concepts of the assessment measures to the classifications and the fact that not all linkage rules were followed. "Activities and participation" was the most evaluated component, with mobility the most frequently covered category in the measures, followed by self-care. Among the measures analyzed, the Functional Independence Measure addresses a greater number of categories and therefore has the most concepts related to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, followed by the Barthel Index, Modified Rankin Scale, Rivermead Mobility Index and Timed Up and Go test. The Modified Rankin Scale was the assessment tool that most evaluated categories related to environmental factors.Conclusion: The Functional Independence Measure has more concepts related to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, since it addresses a greater number of categories. These findings can help guide health professionals in the selection of assessment tools for the evaluation of post-stroke functioning, making viable the use of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health categories in clinical practice and public health services.Implications for rehabilitationThis study standardized identification of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health categories in the main outcome measures used to assess post-stroke functional capacity.Functional Independence Measure has more concepts related to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health compared to other functional assessment instruments.Findings can enable physiotherapists and researchers choose the most appropriate measure that best corresponds to their field of interest.These results facilitate the implementation of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health in clinical practice.Use of International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health categories can standardize information on functional health.

Biopsychosocial model in health care: reflections in the production of functioning and disability data / O modelo biopsicossocial no cuidado a saúde: reflexões sobre a produção de dados sobre funcionalidade e incapacidade/deficiência / El modelo biopsicossocial en el cuidado a la salud: reflexiones sobre la producción de datos sobre funcionalidad e incapacidad/discapacidad

Abstract Introduction: In the last decade, the inclusion of a functioning indicator in health care has been discussed on the international agenda. The strategies related to the implementation of these indicators are issues that involve health education, governance, and medical records. Objective: study aims to discuss the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) potential as a useful tool to produce information on health care services. Method: As theoretical assumptions, the universal model of the ICF based on the biopsychosocial model was used. Results: When used as a health indicator, functioning data can measure the real effect of some health conditions in different life domains. Based on the reflections carried out and theoretical foundations accessed, the study shows that the implementation of functioning indicators in periodical population health surveys and protocols of clinical documentation regardless the level of health service would be relevant for Patient Care Planning. Note that the group of functioning indicators should be proposed in a universal language and, therefore, ICF represents the most comprehensive model. Conclusion: Information regarding health status can be useful to enable health care management. Furthermore, ICF are essential to improve the documentation service of the health system and also can be used in planning and monitoring health care. It can also be used to collect disability data in surveys ensuring comparison among different surveys.

Resumo Introdução: Na última década, a inclusão de indicadores de funcionalidade na atenção à saúde tem sido discutida na agenda internacional. As estratégias relacionadas à implementação de indicadores de funcionalidade são uma questão que envolve educação, gestão e assistência à saúde. Objetivo: Este ensaio teórico tem como objetivo discutir o potencial da Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde (CIF) como ferramenta útil na produção de informação para os serviços de saúde. Método: Utilizamos como pressupostos teóricos o modelo universal, a CIF. Nosso pressuposto baseia-se no modelo biopsicossocial do binômio saúde-doença. Resultados: Indicadores de funcionalidade podem medir o real impacto das condições de saúde em diferentes domínios da vida. A partir das reflexões realizadas e alicerces teóricos acessados, percebe-se que a implementação de indicadores de funcionalidade nos inquéritos populacionais periódicos em saúde e protocolos de registro para informação clínica, independentemente do nível de serviço de saúde, seria de grande interesse. Vale ressaltar que o grupo de indicadores de funcionalidade deve ser proposto em uma linguagem universal e, portanto, a CIF representa o modelo mais abrangente. Conclusão: O indicador de funcionalidade pode ser útil para o gerenciamento da saúde. As informações sobre funcionalidade são essenciais para melhorar o planejamento e a qualidade dos serviços de saúde e podem ser usadas no planejamento e monitoramento dos cuidados de saúde; podem ser coletadas em pesquisas de saúde da população por ferramentas específicas; e poderiam ser produzidas usando a CIF como uma estrutura na coleta diária de informações sobre saúde.

Resumen Introducción: En la última década, la inclusión de indicadores de funcionamiento en la atención de salud se ha discutido en la agenda internacional. Las estrategias relacionadas con la implementación de los indicadores de funcionamiento son un tema que involucra educación, gestión y atención médica. Objetivo: Este ensayo teórico tiene como objetivo discutir el potencial de Clasificación Internacional del Funcionamiento, de la Discapacidad y de la Salud (CIF) como una herramienta útil para producir información en los servicios de atención médica. Método: Utilizamos como suposiciones teóricas el modelo universal de la CIF con base en el modelo biopsicosocial del binomio salud-enfermedad. Resultados: Los indicadores de funcionamiento pueden medir el impacto real de las condiciones de salud en diferentes dominios de la vida. Con base en las reflexiones realizadas y los fundamentos teóricos, se observa que sería esencial la implementación de indicadores de funcionamiento en las encuestas periódicas de salud de la población y en los protocolos de registro para la información clínica, independiente del nivel del servicio de salud. Vale la pena mencionar que el grupo de indicadores de funcionamiento debe proponerse en un lenguaje universal y, por lo tanto, CIF representa el modelo más completo. Conclusión: El indicador de funcionamiento puede ser útil para la gestión de la salud. Las informaciones sobre funcionamiento son esenciales para mejorar la planificación y la calidad de los servicios de salud y se puede utilizarlas para planificar y monitorear los cuidados en salud; y se puede recopilarlas en encuestas de salud de la población mediante herramientas específicas; y podría recopilarse utilizando la CIF como herramienta en la recopilación diaria de información sobre salud.

The World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2 (WHODAS 2.0): remarks on the need to revise the WHODAS.

Functioning and disability are concepts in increasing use in clinical settings and in public health. From the public health perspective, the use of functioning as a third health indicator could show more than the frequency of a disease and its death rates, offering information on how the population performs its activities and participation. Clinically, the functioning assessment can provide information for patient-centered health care and specific clinical interventions according to their functioning profile. WHODAS 2.0 is a generic tool to assess health and functioning according to the ICF functioning model. It is an alternative to assess functioning in a less time-consuming way, whereas the duration of the application is one of the main ICF critiques. This paper aims to present some of WHODAS 2.0 inconsistencies and weaknesses as well as strategies to cope with them. In this paper, we present some weaknesses related to the WHODAS layout; wording and scoring process. Some suggestions for strategies to correct these weaknesses are presented, as well.

WHODAS 2.0-BO: normative data for the assessment of disability in older adults.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the normative data of WHODAS 2.0-BO for older Brazilians (World Health Disability Assessment Schedule - Brazilian version for older people) and its distribution according to sex, age, health, subjective health perception, performance in a mobility test and presence of chronic diseases and depression. METHODS: Cross-sectional study, with 350 participants with 60 years of age or older, men and women, patients of a geriatric specialized center for medical consultations or rehabilitation. The older adults were evaluated using a semi-structured questionnaire containing demographic and clinical data (WHODAS 2.0-BO) and the geriatric depression scale (GDS), having been subsequently subjected to a mobility test (Timed Up and Go). The data were analyzed via their distribution in percentiles of the population and via analysis of variance. RESULTS: Two-hundred and sixty-six (76%) participants were women, and the average age was 71.8 (DP = 6.7) years old. The average score in WHODAS 2.0-BO was 4.3 (DP = 5.2) points, the highest value found having corresponded to 33 points. The average time for the Timed Up and Go test was 10.0 (SD = 3.2) seconds. About 30% of the older adults did not report any difficulties in the tasks evaluated by WHODAS 2.0-BO and half of the sample scored up to two points. CONCLUSIONS: A score corresponding to 12 points in the 90 percentile on a scale from zero to 40 was observed, which suggests severe disability. The score in WHODAS 2.0-BO increased with the advance in age, as well as in the presence of comorbidities, negative health perception, depression, high blood pressure, visual and hearing impairment and mobility impairment.

Whodas 2. 0 - BO: normative data for the assessment of disability in older adults / Whodas 2. 0 - BO: dados normativos para avaliação de incapacidade em idosos

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To examine the normative data of WHODAS 2.0-BO for older Brazilians (World Health Disability Assessment Schedule - Brazilian version for older people) and its distribution according to sex, age, health, subjective health perception, performance in a mobility test and presence of chronic diseases and depression. METHODS: Cross-sectional study, with 350 participants with 60 years of age or older, men and women, patients of a geriatric specialized center for medical consultations or rehabilitation. The older adults were evaluated using a semi-structured questionnaire containing demographic and clinical data (WHODAS 2.0-BO) and the geriatric depression scale (GDS), having been subsequently subjected to a mobility test (Timed Up and Go). The data were analyzed via their distribution in percentiles of the population and via analysis of variance. RESULTS: Two-hundred and sixty-six (76%) participants were women, and the average age was 71.8 (DP = 6.7) years old. The average score in WHODAS 2.0-BO was 4.3 (DP = 5.2) points, the highest value found having corresponded to 33 points. The average time for the Timed Up and Go test was 10.0 (SD = 3.2) seconds. About 30% of the older adults did not report any difficulties in the tasks evaluated by WHODAS 2.0-BO and half of the sample scored up to two points. CONCLUSIONS: A score corresponding to 12 points in the 90 percentile on a scale from zero to 40 was observed, which suggests severe disability. The score in WHODAS 2.0-BO increased with the advance in age, as well as in the presence of comorbidities, negative health perception, depression, high blood pressure, visual and hearing impairment and mobility impairment.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Examinar os dados de normatização do WHODAS 2.0-BO para idosos brasileiros (World Health Disability Assessment Schedule - Brazilian version for older people) e sua distribuição de acordo com sexo, idade, percepção subjetiva de saúde, desempenho em teste de mobilidade e presença de doenças crônicas e depressão. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, com 350 participantes com 60 anos ou mais, homens e mulheres, atendidos em um centro de referência secundário para consultas médicas ou de reabilitação. Os idosos foram avaliados por meio de um questionário semiestruturado, contendo dados sociodemográficos e clínicos, o WHODAS 2.0-BO e a escala de depressão geriátrica (EDG), e submetidos a um teste mobilidade, o Timed Up and Go. Os dados foram analisados por sua distribuição em percentis na população e por análise de variância. RESULTADOS: Duzentos e sessenta e seis (76%) participantes eram mulheres, a idade média foi de 71,8 (DP = 6,7) anos. O escore médio do WHODAS 2.0-BO foi de 4,3 (DP = 5,2) pontos, sendo o maior valor encontrado 33 pontos. O tempo para o Timed up and Go foi de 10,0 (DP = 3,2) segundos. Cerca de 30% dos idosos não relataram nenhuma dificuldade nas tarefas avaliadas pelo WHODAS 2.0-BO e metade da amostra alcançou até dois pontos. CONCLUSÕES: Observou-se um escore de 12 pontos no percentil 90 em uma escala de zero a 40, o que sugere incapacidade grave. O escore do WHODAS 2.0-BO aumentou com o avançar da idade, bem como na presença de comorbidades, de percepção subjetiva de saúde ruim, de depressão, de hipertensão arterial, de dificuldade para enxergar e escutar e de alteração da mobilidade.

Identification of relevant categories for inpatient physical therapy care using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: a Brazilian survey.

BACKGROUND: Hospitalized patients are at risk for the loss of function and impairment. Physical therapists aim to improve functionality and prevent disabilities. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) propose a universal language to classify the functionality of patients across different health care settings and over diverse health conditions. OBJECTIVES: To identify the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health categories that describe most common and relevant patient problems managed by physical therapists in Brazilian hospitals in the acute and post-acute care settings. SUBJECTS: The participants were physical therapists who worked in hospitals with a minimum work experience of two years. METHODS: A consensus-building, two-round, emailed survey was conducted using the Delphi technique. RESULTS: For the development of an ICF short list, 47 physical therapists from the acute care setting and 30 physical therapists from the post-acute care setting responded to the Delphi exercise. Most of the professionals were from the cardiorespiratory physical therapy area. A 80% level of consensus or higher was established for the selection of the categories of the ICF components (Body Functions, Body Structures, Activities and Participation, and Environmental Factors). We obtained two short lists to be used in clinical practice comprising 39 ICF categories for acute care settings and 53 for post-acute care settings. CONCLUSION: This study is the first to identify the most relevant aspects for physical therapy in Brazilian hospitals using the ICF framework. Our results can help to promote the adoption of the ICF in physical therapy clinical practice in the hospital setting.

The World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2 (WHODAS 2. 0): remarks on the need to revise the WHODAS / World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2 (WHODAS 2. 0): comentários sobre a necessidade de revisar a WHODAS / World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2 (WHODAS 2. 0): observaciones sobre la necesidad de revisar WHODAS

Functioning and disability are concepts in increasing use in clinical settings and in public health. From the public health perspective, the use of functioning as a third health indicator could show more than the frequency of a disease and its death rates, offering information on how the population performs its activities and participation. Clinically, the functioning assessment can provide information for patient-centered health care and specific clinical interventions according to their functioning profile. WHODAS 2.0 is a generic tool to assess health and functioning according to the ICF functioning model. It is an alternative to assess functioning in a less time-consuming way, whereas the duration of the application is one of the main ICF critiques. This paper aims to present some of WHODAS 2.0 inconsistencies and weaknesses as well as strategies to cope with them. In this paper, we present some weaknesses related to the WHODAS layout; wording and scoring process. Some suggestions for strategies to correct these weaknesses are presented, as well.

A funcionalidade e a incapacidade são conceitos cada vez mais utilizados no contexto clínico e de saúde pública. Do ponto de vista da saúde pública, o uso da funcionalidade como terceiro indicador de saúde é capaz de refletir mais do que a frequência de uma determinada doença e as respectivas taxas de mortalidade, fornecendo informações sobre a maneira pela qual a população realiza suas atividades diárias e participação social. Clinicamente, a avaliação da funcionalidade pode subsidiar os cuidados de saúde centrados no paciente, além das intervenções clínicas específicas de acordo com o perfil de funcionalidade. WHODAS 2.0 é uma ferramenta genérica para avaliar a saúde e a funcionalidade de acordo com o modelo da CIF. É uma alternativa para avaliar a funcionalidade com menor dispêndio de tempo, uma vez que o tempo gasto na aplicação é uma das principais críticas do modelo da CIF. O artigo tem como objetivo abordar algumas das inconsistências e fraquezas do WHODAS 2.0, além de estratégias para enfrentá-las. O artigo, discute algumas fraquezas na formatação, redação e processo de pontuação do WHODAS, assim como, diversas estratégias para corrigí-las.

Funcionamiento y discapacidad son conceptos cuyo uso está aumentando dentro del contexto clínico y de la salud pública. Desde la perspectiva de la salud pública, el uso del funcionamiento como un tercer indicador de salud podría mostrar más allá de la frecuencia de una enfermedad y sus efectos respecto a la mortalidad en la población, ofreciendo información sobre cómo desarrolla la población sus actividades y participación. Clínicamente, la evaluación del funcionamiento puede proporcionar información sobre la atención a la salud centrada en el paciente e intervenciones específicas clínicas, según su perfil de funcionamiento. WHODAS 2.0 es una herramienta genérica para evaluar la salud y su funcionamiento, respecto el modelo CIF. Se trata de una alternativa más breve para evaluar el funcionamiento, aunque la duración del formulario es una de las principales críticas el CIF. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar algunas inconsistencias y debilidades del WHODAS 2.0, así como también estrategias para afrontarlas. En este artículo, presentamos algunas debilidades relacionadas con el formato del WHODAS; así como los procesos de redacción y puntuación. Asimismo, se presentan algunas sugerencias como estrategias para corregir estas debilidades.

How many AIDS epidemics can occur in São Paulo city?

OBJECTIVE An ecological study describring the spatial characteristics of AIDS in São Paulo city between 2001 and 2010 according to the place of residence of reported cases in adults. METHODS The AIDS reported cases (28,146), grouped by sex, were geocodified (25,969) and linked with a census tract database (18,953). Case and population at risk data supplied spatial cluster identification and relative risk estimate by the scan method, using the discrete Poisson model. Incidence rate and proportional distribution allowed comparing people living in the high-risk clusters areas to other locations by age, race/ethnicity, schooling and transmission category. RESULTS The AIDS incidence rate decreased in both sexes except among young men and older people. The identification of spatial high-risk clusters showed that the decrease of AIDS did not occur in the same way in the city. Clusters located in the central area presented the highest AIDS incidence rates (245.7/100,000 men), especially among black women (RR = 7.9), men who have sex with men (66.2%) and injection drug users (10.7%) participation. In peripheral clusters, identified only in the female population, the epidemic can be related to the poverty of these women (22.5% low education level). Residents in the north and central-south areas of the city are generally black, with little schooling, and predominantly heterosexually infected. CONCLUSIONS The study of spatial clusters using a census tract helps to determine epidemiological patterns inside the city and in specific populations. Spatial stratification and key population epidemiological patterns were identified in four regions in São Paulo city.

How many AIDS epidemics can occur in São Paulo city?

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE An ecological study describring the spatial characteristics of AIDS in São Paulo city between 2001 and 2010 according to the place of residence of reported cases in adults. METHODS The AIDS reported cases (28,146), grouped by sex, were geocodified (25,969) and linked with a census tract database (18,953). Case and population at risk data supplied spatial cluster identification and relative risk estimate by the scan method, using the discrete Poisson model. Incidence rate and proportional distribution allowed comparing people living in the high-risk clusters areas to other locations by age, race/ethnicity, schooling and transmission category. RESULTS The AIDS incidence rate decreased in both sexes except among young men and older people. The identification of spatial high-risk clusters showed that the decrease of AIDS did not occur in the same way in the city. Clusters located in the central area presented the highest AIDS incidence rates (245.7/100,000 men), especially among black women (RR = 7.9), men who have sex with men (66.2%) and injection drug users (10.7%) participation. In peripheral clusters, identified only in the female population, the epidemic can be related to the poverty of these women (22.5% low education level). Residents in the north and central-south areas of the city are generally black, with little schooling, and predominantly heterosexually infected. CONCLUSIONS The study of spatial clusters using a census tract helps to determine epidemiological patterns inside the city and in specific populations. Spatial stratification and key population epidemiological patterns were identified in four regions in São Paulo city.

Aspectos da sobrecarga e qualidade de vida de cuidadores de pacientes hospitalizados: uma análise baseada na Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde (CIF) / Burden and quality of life of hospitalized patients' caregivers: an analysis based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)

Resumo Objetivo: caracterizar o perfil e a relação entre sobrecarga e qualidade de vida (QV) de cuidadores de pacientes hospitalizados de acordo com o modelo biopsicossocial da Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde (CIF). Analisar a correlação entre a sobrecarga do cuidador e o nível de dependência motora e cognitiva do paciente. Métodos: estudo transversal com 68 cuidadores de pacientes hospitalizados há 12 ou mais dias. Para avaliação da QV e da sobrecarga dos cuidadores foram utilizados, respectivamente, o Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) e a escala de Zarit (Zarit Burden Interview). Utilizou-se a Medida de Independência Funcional para caracterizar a dependência motora e cognitiva dos pacientes. Os resultados foram relacionados aos conceitos da CIF. Resultados: de acordo com os qualificadores da CIF, um comprometimento progressivo na QV dos cuidadores foi observado com o aumento da sobrecarga. Houve correlação negativa, estatisticamente significante e de fraca magnitude, entre a percepção de QV e sobrecarga. Não houve correlação entre a sobrecarga do cuidador e o nível de dependência do paciente. Conclusão: o SF-36 é capaz de analisar 13 categorias da CIF, permitindo avaliar o cuidador de forma integral, de acordo com o modelo biopsicossocial, e facilitando o uso da CIF na prática clínica.

Abstract Objective: to characterize the profile and the relationship between burden and quality of life (QOL) of hospitalized patients' caregivers according to the International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health (ICF) biopsychological model. To analyze the correlation between caregiver's burden and the level of patients' motor and cognitive dependency. Methods: cross-sectional study, involving 68 caregivers of patients hospitalized for 12 or more days. Caregivers' QOL and burden were assessed by the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and the Zarit scale (Zarit Burden Interview), respectively. Functional Independence Measure was used to characterize patients' motor and cognitive dependency. The relationship between the results and the ICF concepts was analyzed. Results: according to ICF qualifiers, a progressive impairment in the caregivers' QOL was observed with burden increasing. There was a statistically significant negative correlation, of low magnitude, between perception of QOL and burden. There was no correlation between caregiver's burden and patient's dependency level. Conclusion: SF-36 can analyze 13 ICF categories. It allows evaluating caregivers in a comprehensive way and in accordance with the biopsychosocial model. It can also help to apply ICF in clinical practice.

Evolution of disability in traffic accident victims in rehabilitation, characterized by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) / Evolução da deficiência em vítimas de acidente de trânsito em reabilitação, caracterizada pela Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde (CIF)

Abstract Introduction: The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) enables monitoring of the clinical evolution of a patient. Objective: This study aimed to characterize the evolution of disabilities in patients undergoing physical therapy following traffic accidents, using the ICF. Methods: A longitudinal study of 53 accident victims was conducted between April and October 2010, in a rehabilitation unit in the capital of Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Data from physical therapy evaluation were collected in 2 stages and coded by the ICF. Results: The average time between evaluation and reevaluation was 73.4 days. The evolution of functional impairment demonstrated a reduction in the number of patients with deficits, except for muscle tone functions. On initial evaluation, 90.6% had difficulty with sensory functions and pain, varying from mild to complete, decreasing to 67.9% on reevaluation, with pain still mostly present. Almost all patients (96.2%) had a disability of neuromusculoskeletal and movement related functions on initial assessment, with a decrease to 15.7% of patients on reevaluation. The greatest improvements were observed in the categories of muscle strength (36.7%) and gait pattern (30.6%). On reevaluation, improvement was also observed regarding perceived impairment of body structures, especially for those with severe and complete disability. Conclusion: The study confirmed a reduction in the percentage of patients with some form of disability, and positive development in functional capacity. The use of ICF enabled evaluation of physical disabilities and monitoring of the evolution of patients undergoing physical therapy.

Resumo Introdução: A Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde (CIF) permite acompanhar a evolução clínica do paciente. Objetivo: Este estudo objetivou caracterizar a evolução das deficiências em vítimas de acidentes de trânsito, em tratamento fisioterápico, utilizando essa ferramenta. Métodos: Estudo longitudinal, com total de 53 vítimas de acidentes atendidas entre abril e outubro de 2010 em uma unidade de reabilitação na capital do Estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil. Os dados da avaliação fisioterápica foram coletados em dois momentos e codificados pela CIF. Resultados: O tempo médio entre a avaliação e a reavaliação foi 73,4 dias. Em relação à evolução das deficiências das funções do corpo observou-se redução no número de pacientes com tais alterações, exceto tônus muscular. Na primeira avaliação 90,6% apresentaram alterações de grau leve a completo quanto às funções sensoriais e dor reduzindo-se para 67,9% na reavaliação, sendo a dor a função mais comprometida. Em relação às funções neuromusculoesqueléticas e relacionadas ao movimento a quase totalidade dos pacientes (96,2%) apresentou alguma deficiência na primeira avaliação, percentual reduzido em 15,7% na reavaliação. As maiores reduções deram-se nas categorias: força muscular (36,7%) e padrão da marcha (30,6%). Na reavaliação observou-se diminuição das deficiências relacionadas à estrutura do corpo, especialmente nos níveis de deficiência grave e completa. Conclusão: Com este estudo pode-se comprovar a redução no percentual de pacientes com algum tipo de deficiência física e a evolução positiva no quadro funcional. O uso da CIF permitiu conhecer as deficiências físicas e acompanhar a evolução dos pacientes submetidos a tratamento fisioterápico.

Prevalence and factors associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infection among women with HIV in São Paulo.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and risk factors associated with Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection among women with HIV in São Paulo. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included women with HIV who were receiving care from sixteen public health services in São Paulo (October 2013 to March 2014). All participants answered a questionnaire regarding their sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics. A urine sample was tested for CT and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) using the polymerase chain reaction. The chi-square test and a logistic regression model were used to test the associations with CT or NG infections. RESULTS: We evaluated 853 women and ultimately included 836 (98%) women. The mean age was 40.5 ± 0.34 years, and the prevalences of CT and NG infections were 1.8% and 0.5%, respectively. CT infection was associated with CD4+ T-cell counts of <350 cells/mm3 [adjusted odds ratio (ORadj): 24.5], age of 18-25 years (ORadj: 23.2), the non-use of condoms during the last 6 months (ORadj: 10.2), a self-reported history of a sexually transmitted infection (ORadj: 9.4), and having two or more sexual partners during the last year (ORadj: 6.1). CONCLUSIONS: Although we observed a low prevalence of CT infection among women with HIV, younger age was associated with a high risk of infection. Therefore, it may be appropriate to include screening for CT as part of the routine care for this population.

Prevalence and factors associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infection among women with HIV in São Paulo

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and risk factors associated with Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection among women with HIV in São Paulo. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included women with HIV who were receiving care from sixteen public health services in São Paulo (October 2013 to March 2014). All participants answered a questionnaire regarding their sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics. A urine sample was tested for CT and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) using the polymerase chain reaction. The chi-square test and a logistic regression model were used to test the associations with CT or NG infections. RESULTS: We evaluated 853 women and ultimately included 836 (98%) women. The mean age was 40.5 ± 0.34 years, and the prevalences of CT and NG infections were 1.8% and 0.5%, respectively. CT infection was associated with CD4+ T-cell counts of <350 cells/mm3 [adjusted odds ratio (ORadj): 24.5], age of 18-25 years (ORadj: 23.2), the non-use of condoms during the last 6 months (ORadj: 10.2), a self-reported history of a sexually transmitted infection (ORadj: 9.4), and having two or more sexual partners during the last year (ORadj: 6.1). CONCLUSIONS: Although we observed a low prevalence of CT infection among women with HIV, younger age was associated with a high risk of infection. Therefore, it may be appropriate to include screening for CT as part of the routine care for this population.

Codificação e seleção automáticas das causas de morte: adaptação para o uso no Brasil do software Iris / Automatic coding and selection of causes of death: an adaptation of Iris software for using in Brazil

RESUMO: Objetivo: Elaborar um dicionário em Português a ser utilizado no software Iris e avaliar sua completitude para a codificação das causas de morte. Métodos: Em primeiro lugar, criou-se um dicionário de doenças e lesões e seus códigos da Classificação Estatística Internacional de Doenças e Problemas Relacionados à Saúde - décima revisão (CID-10). Este foi baseado em duas fontes: o arquivo eletrônico do volume 1 da CID-10 e os dados do Tesauro da Classificação Internacional de Atenção Primária. A seguir, uma amostra de Declaração de Óbito do Programa de Aprimoramento das Informações de Mortalidade no Município de São Paulo (PRO-AIM) foi codificada manualmente e pelo Iris versão V4.0.34, e as causas foram comparadas. Quando o Iris não conseguiu codificar as causas de morte, ajustes foram feitos no dicionário. Resultados: O Iris foi capaz de codificar todas as causas mencionadas em 94,4% das Declarações de Óbito. No entanto, a codificação direta, sem ajustes, foi feita em 50,6% dos casos. Entre as declarações que o software não conseguiu codificar completamente, 89,2% incluíam diagnóstico de causas externas (capítulo XX da CID-10). Esse grupo de causas foi o que mostrou menor concordância ao se comparar a codificação feita pelo Iris com a manual. Conclusão: O software teve um bom desempenho, mas mostra necessidade de ajustes e de desenvolvimento de seu dicionário. A questão das causas externas constitui um problema que os programadores do Iris estão resolvendo nas novas versões.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To prepare a dictionary in Portuguese for using in Iris and to evaluate its completeness for coding causes of death. Methods: Iniatially, a dictionary with all illness and injuries was created based on the International Classification of Diseases - tenth revision (ICD-10) codes. This dictionary was based on two sources: the electronic file of ICD-10 volume 1 and the data from Thesaurus of the International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC-2). Then, a death certificate sample from the Program of Improvement of Mortality Information in São Paulo (PRO-AIM) was coded manually and by Iris version V4.0.34, and the causes of death were compared. Whenever Iris was not able to code the causes of death, adjustments were made in the dictionary. Results: Iris was able to code all causes of death in 94.4% death certificates, but only 50.6% were directly coded, without adjustments. Among death certificates that the software was unable to fully code, 89.2% had a diagnosis of external causes (chapter XX of ICD-10). This group of causes of death showed less agreement when comparing the coding by Iris to the manual one. Conclusion: The software performed well, but it needs adjustments and improvement in its dictionary. In the upcoming versions of the software, its developers are trying to solve the external causes of death problem.