ABSTRACT
This report discusses the case of a male refugee from East Africa who presented with persistent right shoulder pain and was found to have a periscapular mass, whose diagnostic and therapeutic delay was due not only to fragmentation of care, but also a lack of awareness of musculoskeletal manifestations of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. This case underscores the importance of including tuberculosis in the differential diagnosis for a variety of symptoms in patients with risk factors, even if they report previous negative screening.
Subject(s)
Refugees , Tuberculosis , Diagnosis, Differential , Humans , Male , Risk Factors , Tuberculosis/diagnosis , Tuberculosis/drug therapyABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Child mortality rate in sub-Saharan Africa is 29 times higher than that in industrialized countries. Anemia is one of the preventable causes of child morbidity. During a humanitarian medical mission in rural South-Eastern Nigeria, the prevalence and risk factors of anemia were determined in the region in order to identify strategies for reduction. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was done on 96 children aged 1-7 years from 50 randomly selected families. A study questionnaire was used to collect information regarding socioeconomic status, family health practices, and nutrition. Anemia was diagnosed clinically or by point of care testing of hemoglobin (Hb) levels. RESULTS: 96 children were selected for the study; 90 completed surveys were analyzed (43% male and 57% females). Anemia was the most prevalent clinical morbidity (69%), followed by intestinal worm infection (53%) and malnutrition (29%). Mean age (months) at which breastfeeding was stopped was 11.8 (±2.2) in children with Hb <11mg/dl (severe anemia), 10.5±2.8 in those with Hb = 11-11.9mg/dl (mild-moderate anemia), and 9.4±3.9 in children with Hb >12mg/dl (no anemia) (P=0.0445). CONCLUSIONS: The longer the infant was breastfed, the worse the severity of childhood anemia was. Childhood anemia was likely influenced by the low iron content of breast milk in addition to maternal anemia and poor nutrition. A family-centered preventive intervention for both maternal and infant nutrition may be more effective in reducing childhood anemia and child mortality rate in the community.
ABSTRACT
We previously reported on a novel system termed Lipobead that consists of hydrogel beads encased within an anchored lipid bilayer. The hydrogel particles are formed by inverse suspension polymerization of dimethylacrylamide with N,N'-ethylenebis(acrylamide). During the polymerization stage, the water in oil emulsion is interfacially stabilized by small molecule surfactants as well as a small percentage of lipid functionalized with a vinyl group. The functionalized lipid becomes tethered to the bead surface and promotes the assembly of a lipid bilayer on the surface of the hydrogel beads. The presence of the functionalized lipid during polymerization dramatically alters the yield, average size, and size distribution of beads produced. This paper examines the effect of various chemical and physical processing parameters on the average size and size distribution of beads produced when lipid is a component of the surfactant mixture. Relationships between the processing parameters, average bead size, and size distribution were established. Macroscopic properties of the lipid bilayers of Lipobeads were also evaluated including phase transition temperature as well as permeability to the small polar molecule, adenosine triphosphate. It was established that the presence of functionalized lipid improves the organization of the bilayer on the Lipobead surface.
Subject(s)
Dihydrotestosterone/analogs & derivatives , Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate/chemistry , Lipid Bilayers/chemistry , Tissue Engineering/methods , 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/chemistry , Adenosine Triphosphate/chemistry , Ammonium Sulfate/chemistry , Azasteroids/chemistry , Calorimetry, Differential Scanning , Chromatography, Thin Layer , Dihydrotestosterone/chemistry , Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine/chemistry , Ethylenediamines/chemistry , Lipids/chemistry , Liposomes/chemistry , Macromolecular Substances , Models, Chemical , Phosphatidylethanolamines/chemistry , Polymers/chemistry , Polysorbates/chemistry , Temperature , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Lipobeads are hydrogel beads surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and have been developed to act as a cell analogue. The FLAG-tagged M(2) muscarinic receptor was incorporated onto the surface of the Lipobead by incubating pre-Lipobeads with proteoliposomes containing the receptor. Receptors reconstituted onto the surface of the Lipobeads were functional in that they bound the antagonists quinuclidinylbenzilate and scopolamine with characteristic muscarinic affinities. This demonstrates the feasibility of using Lipobeads to study the binding properties of the M(2) muscarinic receptor and offers a promising approach to the study of transmembrane protein biology in general.
