ABSTRACT
Paramount to staging and patient management is accurately measuring the size of invasive breast cancers. We assessed the accuracy of mammography (MG), ultrasonography (US), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at our community-based hospital in which multiple radiologists and imaging machines are used in the care of our patients. We performed a retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database of 277 patients seen at our breast center from 2009 to 2010. We tabulated MG, US, and MRI-reported tumor sizes in 161 women with pathology-proven invasive breast cancer and compared the preoperative size measurements with final pathologic tumor size. In the 161 patients, 169 lesions were identified. Imaging using all three modalities was available in 47 patients. When compared with final pathology, MRI had a correlation of r = 0.75 to mean tumor size as compared with US (r = 0.67) and MG (r = 0.76). Mean tumor size was 1.90 cm by MG, 1.87 cm by US, 2.40 cm by MRI, and 2.19 cm by pathology. We were able to achieve an excellent correlation of pathologic tumor size to preoperative imaging. The absolute differences in size between the modalities were small. MRI, in select patients, added to the assessment of tumor size based on US and MG.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Mammography , Tumor Burden , Ultrasonography, Mammary , Aged , Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Community Health Centers , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
A series of benzylic piperazines (e.g., 4 and 5) attached to an 'address element', the dipeptide H-D-Tic-D-p-Cl-Phe-OH, 3 has been identified as ligands for the melanocortin subtype-4 receptor (MC4R). We describe herein the structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies on the N-terminal residue of the 'address element'. Several novel dipeptides and reduced dipeptides with high MC4R binding affinities and selectivity emerged from this SAR study.
Subject(s)
Dipeptides/chemical synthesis , Dipeptides/pharmacology , Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/drug effects , Dipeptides/chemistry , Ligands , Molecular Structure , Piperazines/chemistry , Protein Binding , Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/chemistry , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Amino acids 5 and 7, two potent and selective competitive GluR5 KA receptor antagonists, exhibited high GluR5 receptor affinity over other glutamate receptors. Their ester prodrugs 6 and 8 were orally active in three models of pain: reversal of formalin-induced paw licking, carrageenan-induced thermal hyperalgesia, and capsaicin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia.
