An Overview of Recent Patents and Future Perspective Based on Cyclodextrin Complexation.

The majority of drugs taken orally have limited aqueous solubility and dissolution rate. Cyclodextrin (CD) and its derivatives are used as pharmaceutical adjuvants, contributing to the development of safe and high bioavailability formulations. CDs have a unique structure with a variety of physicochemical features that aid pharmaceutical scientists in solving drug delivery issues for poorly water-soluble drugs (PWS). This article covers information about cyclodextrin and its various derivatives, its different manufacturing process, physicochemical properties, advantages, and recent advancements. There are various advantages of CD-based inclusion complexes, such as enhancement of solubility, bioavailability, and stability and reduction of irritation caused by the drug. Moreover, they are used as odor and taste enhancers and also prevent incompatibility by physically isolating the incompatible drug components in drug formulation. CD and its derivatives are extensively employed as solubilizers in the manufacturing of parenteral and oral dosage forms. Inclusion complexes formed by CDs with appropriately sized guest molecules improve drug water solubility, physical-chemical stability, and bioavailability. Simultaneously CDs prevent the drugs from degradation like oxidation, hydrolysis, and photodegradation and extend the shelf life of the drug. The manuscript also highlights patents and exclusive branded formulations of modified CDs. It also discusses the different examples of chemically modified CDs, i.e., captisol, sulfobutyl ether-ß-CD, hydroxy propyl betadex, randomly methylated ß-CD, methyl ß-CD, and hydoxy propyl γ-CD, all are used in the various dosage forms.

A Brief Discussion of Multi-Component Organic Solids: Key Emphasis on Co-Crystallization

Co-crystallization (CCs) is a less studied phenomenon related to its applicability and reliability as it is directly related to the generation of newer multicomponent solids like co-crystals (CS), eutectic, salts or solid solutions etc. having improved physicochemical properties compared to their pure components. Further, the design and structural aspects of these multicomponent systems remain hindered compared to other techniques such as nanotechnology or solid dispersion. CC is a newer technique to modify the physicochemical as well as pharmaceutical characteristics of various drugs having issues like solubility, stability, etc. without altering or hindering their pharmacological activities. For drug delivery purpose, CC process has numerous advantages over nanotechnology and solid dispersion drug delivery techniques. CCs can modify the physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) have issues like sensitivity toward environmental hazards like temperature, moisture, or photostability issues. The availability of large numbers of conformers makes this technique favorable for the researchers in designing CS of newer and older. Although, solid dispersion and nanotechnology techniques are being utilized to a larger extent still there are some drawbacks of these techniques like stability, toxicological factors and protection from environmental factors need to be considered, while the CCs process drastically modifies the various pharmaceutical parameters without altering the pharmacological properties of API's. Salts, design of CS, their methods of preparation, and their application in various fields with special emphasis on their applicability in the pharmaceutical industry.

Role of Bioactive Phytoconstituents as Modulators of Hepatic Carbohydrates Metabolising Enzymes: A Target Specific Approach to Treat Diabetes Mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus is the most prevalent malady, becoming a leading public health concern around the world. It is a chronic endocrine metabolic disturbance that is accompanied by the commencement of a sequence of complications. The liver primarily serves as the body's glucose or fuel reserve and also maintains standard blood sugar concentration. Hepatic gluconeogenesis, glycolysis and glycogenesis are the key contributors to fasting or post-prandial hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects. So, regulating these channels could be a viable approach for mitigating hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Few potential synthetic drugs that precisely target hepatic glucose-producing metabolic pathways are presently available, but they have some serious negative effects like hypoglycaemia, hepatosteatosis and lactic acidosis. Therefore, scientists have veered to herbal products because of their edible nature, costeffectiveness and fewer side effects. Natural products and their isolated phytochemicals are progressively being employed to manage hyperglycaemia by modulating the enzyme's activity and regulating transcription factors concerned with hepatic glucose synthesis. We reviewed the potential effects of isolated bioactive phytochemicals on interesting targets that affect hepatic glucose homeostasis in diabetes. This study illustrates the benefit and feasibility of developing liver-specific drugs through secondary metabolites to restore hyperglycaemia.

Review on people's trust on home use medical devices during Covid-19 pandemic in India.

With the rapid development of the medical device against COVID-19 is an excellent achievement. There are numerous obstacles effectively facing the worldwide population, from manufacture to distribution, deployment and, acceptance. Many manufacturers have entered the market rivalry as people's knowledge and demand for home-use medical equipment has increased. India represents a compelling market opportunity for global medical device manufacturers. Substantial growth for the Indian medical device industry is expected to be driven by the current low per-person spending rate for medical devices. The growth of the medical devices industry in India raises competition law issues (anti-trust) and therefore maintaining public trust in home-use medical devices during COVID-19 will be as essential. The review article aims to create awareness among people about commonly used medical devices during the COVID-19 pandemic and to survey people's trust in home usable medical devices in India. In a worldwide pandemic, manufacturers of medical devices face insufficient storage and the impossibility of meeting the requirements of the health centre. The sale of some of the most significant medical devices has increased, making it more difficult for the medical device industry to satisfy demand with high-quality goods since the quality of COVID-19 items plays a vital part in the present scenario. Despite the difficulty in providing enough medical equipment during a pandemic, they are striving to adapt to the circumstance. After recognizing the need to promote awareness and grasp the selling, and production, handling of medical instruments during COVID-19 at home was conducted. In addition, medical equipment manufacturers and distributors look at this scenario as an opportunity to profit more. This review article would enable researchers during COVID-19 to build more knowledge and widespread trust in medical technologies respectively.

Ethnopharmacological perspectives of glucokinase activators in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Traditional medicinal plants have wide-reaching utilisation in the treatment of diabetes especially in developing countries where medical resources are meagre. Traditionally used anti-diabetic plants act by numerous mechanisms, however, only a few of them act through activation of the glucokinase enzyme. Glucokinase is a key regulatory enzyme in glucose metabolism thereby controls glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion. The present review significantly analyses the knowledge about various plant-based glucokinase activators including numerous phytochemicals which modulate the activity and gene expression of glucokinase and would provide data support and perspective regarding future research in the discovery and development of different plant-derived glucokinase activators.

Eco-Friendly Greener Synthesis of Nanoparticles.

The exploitation of naturally obtained resources like biopolymers, plant-based extracts, microorganisms etc., offers numerous advantages of environment-friendliness and biocompatibility for various medicinal and pharmaceutical applications, whereas hazardous chemicals are not utilized for production protocol. Plant extracts based synthetic procedures have drawn consideration over conventional methods like physical and chemical procedures to synthesize nanomaterials. Greener synthesis of nanomaterials has become an area of interest because of numerous advantages such as non-hazardous, economical, and feasible methods with variety of applications in biomedicine, nanotechnology and nano-optoelectronics, etc.

An Overview on Recent Patents and Technologies on Solid Dispersion.

The oral bioavailability enhancement of poorly water-soluble medicaments is still one of the most complicated aspects of the formulation development. Various approaches are currently available for solubility and rate of dissolution enhancement such as salt formation, solubilization and reduction of particle size, each with its own limitations and advantages. Solid dispersion is one of the most suitable approaches for the formulation development of poorly water-soluble drugs. The popularity of solid dispersion is evident from the increasing number of patent applications and patents granted in this field during recent years. This article reviews the various approaches for the preparation of solid dispersion such as a solvent melting, hot-melt extrusion method, solvent evaporation method, cryogenic processing approaches etc. from the perspective of patents filed or granted for these techniques. Some of the aspects taken into account before the preparation of solid dispersions are carrier selection and physicchemical testing along with an insight into the molecular arrangement of medicaments in solid dispersion. The manuscript further highlights various commercial patented technology platforms such as Solumertm, Hovione and Kinetisol which are based on the concept of solid dispersions.