Community paramedic hospital reduction and mitigation program: study protocol for a randomized pragmatic clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: New patient-centered models of care are needed to individualize care and reduce high-cost care, including emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations for low- and intermediate-acuity conditions that could be managed outside the hospital setting. Community paramedics (CPs) have advanced training in low- and high-acuity care and are equipped to manage a wide range of health conditions, deliver patient education, and address social determinants of health in the home setting. The objective of this trial is to evaluate the effectiveness and implementation of the Care Anywhere with Community Paramedics (CACP) program with respect to shortening and preventing acute care utilization. METHODS: This is a pragmatic, hybrid type 1, two-group, parallel-arm, 1:1 randomized clinical trial of CACP versus usual care that includes formative evaluation methods and assessment of implementation outcomes. It is being conducted in two sites in the US Midwest, which include small metropolitan areas and rural areas. Eligible patients are ≥ 18 years old; referred from an outpatient, ED, or hospital setting; clinically appropriate for ambulatory care with CP support; and residing within CP service areas of the referral sites. Aim 1 uses formative data collection with key clinical stakeholders and rapid qualitative analysis to identify potential facilitators/barriers to implementation and refine workflows in the 3-month period before trial enrollment commences (i.e., pre-implementation). Aim 2 uses mixed methods to evaluate CACP effectiveness, compared to usual care, by the number of days spent alive outside of the ED or hospital during the first 30 days following randomization (primary outcome), as well as self-reported quality of life and treatment burden, emergency medical services use, ED visits, hospitalizations, skilled nursing facility utilization, and adverse events (secondary outcomes). Implementation outcomes will be measured using the RE-AIM framework and include an assessment of perceived sustainability and metrics on equity in implementation. Aim 3 uses qualitative methods to understand patient, CP, and health care team perceptions of the intervention and recommendations for further refinement. In an effort to conduct a rigorous evaluation but also speed translation to practice, the planned duration of the trial is 15 months from the study launch to the end of enrollment. DISCUSSION: This study will provide robust and timely evidence for the effectiveness of the CACP program, which may pave the way for large-scale implementation. Implementation outcomes will inform any needed refinements and best practices for scale-up and sustainability. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05232799. Registered on 10 February 2022.

Clinical Importance of Transthoracic Echocardiography with Direct Input from Treating Physicians.

BACKGROUND: The recent report that appropriately performed echocardiographic examinations result in active changes in management in only one third of patients has challenged the validity of current appropriate use criteria. Limited information exists about the clinical importance of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) to guide management and rule out important alternative pathology. METHODS: The clinical impact of inpatient TTE performed at the Mayo Clinic over a 20-week period between October 14, 2013, and March 3, 2014, was investigated. Studies were included if they were ordered within 72 hours of admission, and treating physicians participated in a real-time survey regarding the clinical importance of TTE. Appropriate use was determined by two independent investigators, with differences adjudicated by a third investigator. Clinical impact was derived from physicians' survey responses and independently confirmed by chart review. RESULTS: Of the 539 transthoracic echocardiographic examinations included in this study, 512 (95%) were appropriate, 16 (3%) may be appropriate and 11 (2%) rarely appropriate. Although only 48% of participating physicians actively changed management on the basis of findings on TTE, 97% responded that TTE answered their clinical questions, and 95% would still order TTE in similar clinical contexts. CONCLUSIONS: Most early inpatient transthoracic echocardiographic studies at our institution were appropriate and answered specific clinical questions important for management decisions in the opinion of the treating physician. Confirming a plan of care already in place and ruling out alternative pathology may be as important clinically as uncovering new findings or changing management.

Survey of internal medicine physicians trained in three different eras: reflections on duty-hour reform.

OBJECTIVES: To survey internal medicine physicians and residents who have completed residency in three different eras of medical training regarding their experiences during their intern year and their perceptions of duty-hour reform. METHODS: An online survey was administered to 268 residents, fellows, and staff physicians who had completed or were completing residency during one of three eras of training: before the 80-hour work week, after the 80-hour work week (instituted in 2003), and after the 16-hour limit on continuous shifts for interns (instituted in 2011). The survey assessed experiences during their intern year of residency and perceptions regarding resident duty-hour reform. RESULTS: The majority of respondents (n = 32; 54%) indicated that duty-hour restrictions would result in residents being less prepared for their future careers. In addition, 36% (n = 21) of respondents anticipated a decrease in the quality of patient care under the restricted duty hours. A total of 41% (n = 24) were undecided regarding the impact of duty-hour reform on patient care. Respondents reported time spent on independent study, research, and conference attendance did not increase following the institution of duty-hour restrictions. CONCLUSIONS: Survey responses indicated that after 18 months of experience with the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education duty-hour restrictions, physician opinions were mixed and a substantial number remain undecided regarding the impact of duty-hour restrictions on resident career preparedness and the quality of patient care.