Description of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli based on phylogenetic grouping, virulence factors, and antimicrobial susceptibility.

Background and Objectives: Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) is a recently recognized and highly diverse pathotype of E. coli. Its significance as a pathogen has increased due to the emergence of hypervirulent and multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. The aim of this study was to characterize ExPEC isolates from humans based on their phylogenetic group, virulence factor profile, and antimicrobial susceptibility. Materials and Methods: The isolates were collected from patients with extraintestinal infections caused by E. coli, including urinary tract infections, bacteremia, and surgical site infections. The E. coli phylogenetic groups were determined using multiplex PCR. Additionally, the isolates were evaluated for their biofilm-forming abilities, susceptibility to antimicrobial agents, and presence of virulence genes. Results: In this study, the isolates were classified into four phylogenetic groups: A (48.3%), B2 (25.8%), D (19.35%), and B1 (6.45%). All isolates exhibited at least one of the ten analyzed virulence factors. However, there was no direct evidence linking a specific phylogenetic group to a particular virulence factor. Nevertheless, the presence of the fimH, fyuA, ompT, traT, and kpsMTII virulence genes was correlated with the production of strong biofilms, multidrug resistance (MDR), and the production of alpha hemolysin. Conclusion: This study provides a description of the phylogenetic groups in ExPEC and their potential association with virulence factor profiles and antimicrobial susceptibility.

Phylogenetic Classification, Biofilm-Forming Capacity, Virulence Factors, and Antimicrobial Resistance in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC).

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the main cause of urinary tract infections; in recent years, its importance as a pathogen has increased due to the emergence of hypervirulent and multiresistant strains. In this study, 190 urinary isolates of E. coli were assigned into the seven phylogenetic groups A (11.1%), B1 (4.7%), B2 (46.8%), C (5.8%) D (25.3%) F (2.6%), and Clade I (2.1%), and various virulence genes were examined with polymerase chain reaction methods. All isolates had at least one virulence factor of the 9 analyzed fyuA (81.1%), fimH (96.8%), iutA (74.7%), ompT (66.8%), kpsMTII (66.8%), traT (58.9%), PAI (43.6%), PapAH (26.3%), and usp (3.2%). The results showed a direct relationship between the virulence factors and phylogenetic group A and B2. Further, virulence genetic profiles fimH, fyuA, ompT, traT, and kpsMTII correlated with the production of strong biofilm, multidrug resistance, and the production of moderate hemolysin. These results suggest that these strains may become reservoirs of genes that encode virulence factors, which could be transferred horizontally enhancing their genomic background and high possibility of acquiring new genetic information for possible dissemination. This study provides the first description of phylogroups in UPEC in the Colombian Caribbean and the association with virulence factor profile, antimicrobial susceptibility, and their possible role in the epidemiology in Colombia.

Polimorfismo (+3954c>T) del gen IL-1B y su asociación con la resorción radicular apical externa post-tratamiento ortodóntico / IL-1B (+3954c>T) gene polymorphism and its association with external root resorption after orthodontic treatment

El objetivo fue determinar la presencia del polimorfismo rs1143634 (+3954C>T) del gen Interleuquina 1 Beta (IL-1B) y su asociación con la resorción radicular apical externa (RRE) post-tratamiento ortodóntico. Se realizó un estudio piloto de individuos tratados con aparatología ortodontica, 13 (casos) presentaron RRE posterior al tratamiento ortodóntico y 22 (controles) estaban clínicamente sanos. A partir de muestras de células epiteliales de mucosa bucal se extrajo ADN y se genotipificó el polimorfismo rs1143634 (+3954C>T) del gen IL-1B mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa y digestión del producto con la enzima de restricción TaqI. Se estimaron las frecuencias alélicas y genotípicas del rs1143634; además, se evaluó la desviación del equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg. Las frecuencias alélicas y genotípicas se compararon mediante la prueba de c2 con razón deverosimilitud (p <0,05). El promedio de edad de los participantes fue 28,1 (DE=11,5) años y el 68,6 % era mujeres. Al comparar la distribución de los genotipos del polimorfismo IL-1B (+3954C>T) entre grupos no se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p=0,0926). Sin embargo, se observó una diferencia significativa en la distribución de alelos (p= 0,035), siendo el alelo T (alelo 2) más prevalente en el grupo control. El polimorfismo IL-1B (+3954C>T) se encontró presente en la población de estudio. Aunque no existieron diferencias en la distribución de los genotipos que apoyara una asociación entre este polimorfismo y la RRE, si hubo una diferencia en la distribución de los alelos, sugiriendo que el alelo T posiblemente actúa como factor protector contra el desarrollo de la RRE.

The objective of this study was to determine the presence of Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1B) rs1143634 (+3954C>T) gene polymorphism and its association with external apical root resorption (ERR) after orthodontic treatment. We conducted a pilot study of individuals treated with orthodontic treatment, 13 (cases) had ERR after orthodontic treatment and 22 (controls) were clinically healthy. DNA was extracted from samples of epithelial cells from the oral cavity and IL-1B rs1143634 (+3954C>T) gene polymorphism was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction and digestion product through the TaqI restriction enzyme. Genotype and allele frequencies of rs1143634 were estimated; in addition, the deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was assessed. Allele and genotype frequencies were compared using the c2 test with likelihood ratio (p <0.05). The mean age of participants was 28.6 (SD= 11.5) years and 68.6 % were females. No statistically significant association was found between the genotypes distribution of IL-1B (+3954C>T) polymorphism with ERR (p= 0.0926). However, a significant difference in the alleles distribution (p= 0.035) was observed, where the allele T (allele 2) was more prevalent in the control group. IL-1B (+3954C>T) polymorphism was present in the study population. Although there were no differences in the genotypes distribution to support an association between this polymorphism with ERR, there was a difference in the alleles distribution, suggesting that the allele T possibly acts as a protective factor against the development of ERR.

Virus del sarampión: otro extranjero en la Copa del Mundo de la FIFA 2014 / Measles virus: another foreigner in the FIFA World Cup 2014

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Caracterización genética por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa de Giardia intestinalis en muestras de humanos y perros del Caribe colombiano / Genetic profiling of Giardia intestinalis by polimerase chain in human and dogs samples of Colombian Caribean Coast

INTRODUCCIÓN: Giardia intestinalis (G. intestinalis) es un protozoario causante de enfermedad diarreica y síndrome de malabsorción en humanos y otros mamíferos. Presenta alta diversidad genética evidenciada en el reconocimiento de 7 genotipos (A-G). Los genotipos A y B están comúnmente asociados a humanos y a animales domésticos como perros. El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar la primera caracterización genética preliminar de G. intestinalis en muestras fecales de humanos y perros de 2 ciudades de la costa Caribe colombiana. MÉTODOS: Para la toma de muestras humanas fueron seleccionadas algunas zonas con altas cifras de enfermedad diarreica aguda, recolectando muestras de heces en niños menores de 7 años con diagnóstico coprológico positivo para G. intestinalis. Las muestras de heces de perros fueron recolectadas en las zonas donde residían los niños incluidos en el estudio. Los quistes fueron purificados por gradiente de sacarosa y posteriormente se obtuvo el ADN por extracción con solventes orgánicos. La caracterización molecular se realizó amplificando el gen triosa fosfato isomerasa (tpi)por PCR-semianidada. RESULTADOS: Fueron obtenidas 202 en total; de estas, 111 (13 de perros y 98 de niños) fueron positivas en el examen coprológico. La distribución de los genotipos en las muestras positivas fue: el 5,1% pertenecieron al genotipo A presente solo en humanos y el 92,3% al genotipo B. El genotipo B tuvo presencia en humanos y animales. CONCLUSIONES: El genotipo más frecuente tanto en muestras de humanos como animales fue el B, con lo cual podría especularse un ciclo de transmisión zoonótica

INTRODUCTION: Giardia intestinalis (G. Intestinalis) is a protozoan that causes diarrheal disease and malabsorption syndrome in humans and other mammals. It presents a high genetic diversity evidenced in the recognition of 7 genotypes (A-G). Genotypes A and B are commonly associated to humans and domestic animals such as dogs. The aim of this study was to conduct a preliminary genetic characterization of G. intestinalis in humans and dogs from two cities on the Caribbean coast of Colombia. METHODS Sampling areas were selected according to the highest numbers of acute diarrheal disease. Stool samples were collected from children under 7 years old, with positive medical tests for G. intestinalis. Cysts were purified by sucrose gradient and DNA samples were isolated by extraction with organic solvents. Molecular characterization was performed by amplifying the gene triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) by using a semi-nested PCR.RESULTS:A total of 202 samples of DNA were obtained; of these, 111 were positive in coproparasitological analysis (13 dogs and 98 children). Genotype distribution in positive samples was: 5.1% belonged to genotype A and 92.3% to genotype B. Genotype B was present in humans and animals. CONCLUSIONS: The most common genotype in both human and animal samples was genotype B, suggesting a zoonotic transmission cycle (AU)

[Genetic profiling of Giardia intestinalis by polimerase chain in human and dogs samples of Colombian Caribean Coast]. / Caracterización genética por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa de Giardia intestinalis en muestras de humanos y perros del Caribe colombiano.

INTRODUCTION: Giardia intestinalis (G. Intestinalis) is a protozoan that causes diarrheal disease and malabsorption syndrome in humans and other mammals. It presents a high genetic diversity evidenced in the recognition of 7 genotypes (A-G). Genotypes A and B are commonly associated to humans and domestic animals such as dogs. The aim of this study was to conduct a preliminary genetic characterization of G. intestinalis in humans and dogs from two cities on the Caribbean coast of Colombia. METHODS: Sampling areas were selected according to the highest numbers of acute diarrheal disease. Stool samples were collected from children under 7 years old, with positive medical tests for G. intestinalis. Cysts were purified by sucrose gradient and DNA samples were isolated by extraction with organic solvents. Molecular characterization was performed by amplifying the gene triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) by using a semi-nested PCR. RESULTS: A total of 202 samples of DNA were obtained; of these, 111 were positive in coproparasitological analysis (13 dogs and 98 children). Genotype distribution in positive samples was: 5.1% belonged to genotype A and 92.3% to genotype B. Genotype B was present in humans and animals. CONCLUSIONS: The most common genotype in both human and animal samples was genotype B, suggesting a zoonotic transmission cycle.