Mammary neoplasms in female dogs: Clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects.

With the increase in the life expectancy of domestic animals and their increasingly affectionate relationship with their owners, it is possible to observe an increase in cases of neoplasms in these animals. Mammary neoplasia mainly affects older females who have not been castrated, due to hormonal dependence for the development of the tumour. The main form of treatment is surgery. This study aims to carry out an updated review on mammary neoplasms in female dogs covering the anatomy, physiology, prevalence, causes, diagnoses, treatments, prevention and prognosis, based on scientific articles by renowned researchers.

New Trends to Treat Muscular Atrophy: A Systematic Review of Epicatechin.

Epicatechin is a polyphenol compound that promotes skeletal muscle differentiation and counteracts the pathways that participate in the degradation of proteins. Several studies present contradictory results of treatment protocols and therapeutic effects. Therefore, the objective of this systematic review was to investigate the current literature showing the molecular mechanism and clinical protocol of epicatechin in muscle atrophy in humans, animals, and myoblast cell-line. The search was conducted in Embase, PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. The qualitative analysis demonstrated that there is a commonness of epicatechin inhibitory action in myostatin expression and atrogenes MAFbx, FOXO, and MuRF1. Epicatechin showed positive effects on follistatin and on the stimulation of factors related to the myogenic actions (MyoD, Myf5, and myogenin). Furthermore, the literature also showed that epicatechin can interfere with mitochondrias' biosynthesis in muscle fibers, stimulation of the signaling pathways of AKT/mTOR protein production, and amelioration of skeletal musculature performance, particularly when combined with physical exercise. Epicatechin can, for these reasons, exhibit clinical applicability due to the beneficial results under conditions that negatively affect the skeletal musculature. However, there is no protocol standardization or enough clinical evidence to draw more specific conclusions on its therapeutic implementation.

Organokines in COVID-19: A Systematic Review.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 that induces a generalized inflammatory state. Organokines (adipokines, osteokines, myokines, hepatokines, and cardiokines) can produce beneficial or harmful effects in this condition. This study aimed to systematically review the role of organokines on COVID-19. PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and Cochrane databases were searched, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed, and 37 studies were selected, comprising more than 2700 individuals infected with the virus. Among COVID-19 patients, organokines have been associated with endothelial dysfunction and multiple organ failure due to augmented cytokines and increased SARS-CoV-2 viremia. Changes in the pattern of organokines secretion can directly or indirectly contribute to aggravating the infection, promoting immune response alterations, and predicting the disease progression. These molecules have the potential to be used as adjuvant biomarkers to predict the severity of the illness and severe outcomes.

Insights into Pathogenesis, Nutritional and Drug Approach in Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review.

Sarcopenia is a multifactorial condition related to the loss of muscle mass and strength due to aging, eating habits, physical inactivity, or even caused by another disease. Affected individuals have a higher risk of falls and may be associated with heart disease, respiratory diseases, cognitive impairment, and consequently an increased risk of hospitalization, in addition to causing an economic impact due to the high cost of care during the stay in hospitals. The standardization of appropriate treatment for patients with sarcopenia that could help reduce pathology-related morbidity is necessary. For these reasons, this study aimed to perform a systematic review of the role of nutrition and drugs that could ameliorate the health and quality of life of sarcopenic patients and PRISMA guidelines were followed. Lifestyle interventions have shown a profound impact on sarcopenia treatment but using supplements and different drugs can also impact skeletal muscle maintenance. Creatine, leucine, branched-chain amino acids, omega 3, and vitamin D can show benefits. Although with controversial results, medications such as Metformin, GLP-1, losartan, statin, growth hormone, and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors have also been considered and can alter the sarcopenic's metabolic parameters, protect against cardiovascular diseases and outcomes, while protecting muscles.

Effects of Consumption of Coconut and Cow's Milk on the Metabolic Profile of Wistar Rats Fed a Hyperprotein Diet.

The intake of milk has decreased over the past few decades in Western populations and has been replaced by drinks of plant origin. Substitution of cow's milk by vegetable drinks occurs for some reasons, such as the presence of lactose intolerance, reduced calorie intake, prevention of obesity, vegan diets, and concern about the use of hormone therapy and its possible residues in bovine milk. For these reasons, the objective of this study was to evaluate the biochemical and anthropometric profile of animals subjected to a diet supplemented with coconut milk. Animals were divided into six groups (G1-G6), treated, respectively, regular diet and coconut milk or cow's milk, and with a high-protein content diet and coconut milk or cow's milk. Our results showed that the animals treated with coconut milk reduced body weight and visceral fat, and also showed that the use of a high-protein diet in association with coconut milk is a good combination in reducing visceral fat, percentage of weight gain, food intake, cholesterol, and triglycerides. Our results do not show substantial metabolic changes when comparing the use of coconut milk with the use of cow's milk (we cannot say that the coconut milk itself can be better than cow's milk in the evaluated metabolic parameters).

Serological survey and DNA screening of Leptospira spp. in free-living adult tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella nigritus) in a forest reserve Southeast São Paulo State, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Leptospirosis is an important anthropozoonosis. The study investigated the presence of anti-Leptospira antibodies and detection of Leptospira spp DNA in the urine as well as the biochemical profile in Neotropical wild primates living in a forest reserve from Southeast São Paulo State, Brazil. METHODS: Blood samples were obtained from 50 adult tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella nigritus). Urine samples were obtained only from male primates. The screening for antibodies against Leptospira spp was evaluated by microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Leptospira DNA in the urine was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) considering the target gene LipL32. Biochemical profile was evaluated by using a spectrophotometer. RESULTS: The MAT results included 39 (78%) serum reactive animals with the proportions of 28/39 males and 11/39 females. The most frequent reactive serogroups were Icterohemorrhagiae, Canicola, and Autumnalis. All urine samples were negative for leptospiral DNA. There were no significant differences between sexes for aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase values, but alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine, glucose, and urea were significantly higher in males. CONCLUSIONS: Tufted capuchin monkeys were sera reactive against leptospirosis. Prevalence was similar for the 2 sexes. Leptospiral DNA was not detected in the urine of sera reactive primates tested by the MAT method. ALT, creatinine, glucose, and urea values were higher in male animals.

Cannabis and Canabidinoids on the Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Going Beyond Misuse.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are characterized by a chronic and recurrent gastrointestinal condition, including mainly ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Cannabis sativa (CS) is widely used for medicinal, recreational, and religious purposes. The most studied compound of CS is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Besides many relevant therapeutic roles such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, there is still much controversy about the consumption of this plant since the misuse can lead to serious health problems. Because of these reasons, the aim of this review is to investigate the effects of CS on the treatment of UC and CD. The literature search was performed in PubMed/Medline, PMC, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. The use of CS leads to the improvement of UC and CD scores and quality of life. The medical use of CS is on the rise. Although the literature shows relevant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects that could improve UC and CD scores, it is still not possible to establish a treatment criterion since the studies have no standardization regarding the variety and part of the plant that is used, route of administration and doses. Therefore, we suggest caution in the use of CS in the therapeutic approach of IBD until clinical trials with standardization and a relevant number of patients are performed.

Effects of Green Wheat (Triticum turgidum) and Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum) on the Metabolic Profile of Wistar Rats.

Studies have shown that the consumption of a diet containing whole grains may improve metabolic homeostasis and is related to the reduction of risk factors for the development of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. We aimed to investigate the effects of Triticum aestivum and Triticum turgidum on the metabolic profile of Wistar rats. Animals were divided into G1 (control group), G2 (T. turgidum), and G3 (T. aestivum). Anthropometric and biochemical parameters were evaluated after 45 days of treatment with both types of wheat. Our results showed that the use of the common or green wheat improved body weight percentage, visceral fat, glycemia, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and atherogenic indices such as atherogenic index, CCR1, and CCR2. Furthermore, wheat may also improve high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The health-promoting properties of wheat occur probably due to the content of phytochemicals, antioxidants, and fibers. We suggest that the intake of T. aestivum and T. turgidum may be helpful in the prevention or treatment of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

Effects of Rhodiola rosea and Panax ginseng on the Metabolic Parameters of Rats Submitted to Swimming.

Adaptogen-based plant formulations play an important role in traditional medicine and have been used in medical practice to increase the resistance of individuals. Rhodiola rosea (RR) and Panax ginseng (PG) exhibit adaptogenic properties and are related to the recovery of homeostasis and strengthen systems impaired by stress. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of RR and PG on metabolic profile and muscle damage parameters in Wistar rats submitted to swimming. Animals were divided according to the following: G1: control group; G2: group that was submitted to swimming; G3: group treated with PG; G4: group treated with PG and submitted to swimming; G5: treated with RR; and G6: treated with RR and submitted to swimming. At the end of the experimental protocol, groups G2, G4, and G6 practiced swimming for a period five times longer than during the previous 30 days. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters were investigated, and no significant results were found in the groups. Nevertheless, animals treated with PG and RR reduced the levels of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH). Our findings demonstrate that both PG and RR produced a significant reduction in the levels of CPK and LDH after physical stress, suggesting that they can be used to improve physical performance. For these reasons, we may say that these plants may be used to minimize the stress promoted by the practice of physical exercises.

Effects of Green and Ripe Coffee in the Metabolic Profile and Muscle Enzymes in Animals Practicing Physical Exercise.

Many studies have shown that plants can be therapeutic alternatives in the prevention or treatment of various diseases. Among these, green coffee may present different pharmacological effects related to the regulation of glycemia and lipid metabolism and is related to the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. The objective of our study was to evaluate the effects of using green and ripe coffee on the metabolic profile and muscular enzymes after the practice of physical exercises in Wistar rats. We included six groups: G1 (control group), G2 (group submitted to swimming), G3 (group that consumed green coffee), G4 (group that consumed green coffee and was submitted to swimming), G5 (group that consumed ripe coffee), and G6 (group that consumed ripe coffee and was submitted to swimming). Our results showed that there was a significant reduction in the percentage of visceral fat in G3, G5, and G6. We did not observe significant modifications in glycemia, lipids, lactate dehydrogenase, ferric reducing ability of plasma, and ferric-xylenol orange. The levels of creatine phosphokinase showed a reduction in the groups G2 and G4. No significant differences were found in the atherogenic indices. There is a global demand for natural compounds that can be safe, cheap, related to minimum side effects, and provide health benefits. Our results show that the use of green or ripe coffee may contribute to reduce the percentage of visceral fat and consequently may protect against further complications once this tissue produces proatherogenic hormones. Furthermore, green coffee may play a role in protecting muscle injury after the practice of physical exercises.

Effect of Morinda citrifolia and Annona muricata on Erhlich Tumor Cells in Swiss Albino Mice and In Vitro Fibroblast Cells.

Morinda citrifolia (MC) and Annona muricata (AM) are popularly used for the treatment of several diseases, including cancer. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of the juice of the MC fruit, and the ethanolic extract of AM leaves on Erhlich tumor cells, in mice and in vitro fibroblastic cells. The animals were divided into G1 and G2: controls; G3: treated with AM, and G4 juice: treated with MC. The animals were subjected to intraperitoneal inoculation of 103 tumor cells and then treated with the plants. G1 and G2 received a saline solution. Cells were grown in RPMI 1640 medium, supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, and maintained at 37°C in 5% CO2 atmosphere. After growth, the cells were trypsinized and incubated again. Subsequently, serial dilution of extracts and juice was performed and incubated again for 48 h. We evaluated the ascites growth, the survival rate, and cytotoxicity in fibroblast cells. AM and MC did not interfere in the ascites pattern. MC, but not AM showed significance in the survival rate. Both AM and MC produced cytotoxicity activity in T3T cells. Despite advances in medicine, cancer is still one of the leading causes of death in the world and traditional medications are not always effective. The use of MC may bring beneficial effects to patients since they interfere with different mechanisms of action during carcinogenesis. However, we suggest that further investigations should be performed.

Supplementation with fish oil reduces morphological aspects of muscle damage induced by intense exercise in rats / Suplementação com óleo de peixe reduz aspectos morfológicos de lesão muscular induzida por exercícios intensos em ratos

AIMS: To investigate the effects of resistance exercise and fish oil intake on muscle morphology in Wistar rats. METHODS: Forty-eight animals that performed resistance exercise were initially divided into two groups. One group did not take fish oil and the other group took fish oil. The animals of the second group underwent training and took fish oil for eight weeks. At the end of the last resistance exercise session, the 48 rats were organized into six subgroups of eight each, according to the time gap (12, 24 or 48 hours) elapsed until the gastrocnemius muscle withdrawal procedure. At each established time after the last resistance exercise session, the gastrocnemius muscle was removed for morphological analysis. RESULTS: Skeletal muscle cells of the animals that did not receive fish oil presented higher scores of edema, especially those from the groups that had their muscles withdrawn at 24 and 48 hours of time gap. As for the group that took fish oil, we observed a smaller amount of inflammatory infiltrate and reduced areas of necrosis compared to animals that exercised without the use of fish oil, at all post-exercise time gaps. CONCLUSIONS: Fish oil intake attenuated morphological changes in muscle tissue after high-intensity exercises

OBJETIVOS: Investigar os efeitos do exercício resistido e da ingestão de óleo de peixe na morfologia da fibra muscular em ratos Wistar. MÉTODOS: Quarenta e oito animais realizaram exercício resistido e foram divididos inicialmente em dois grupos. Um dos grupos não recebia óleo de peixe e o outro grupo ingeria o óleo de peixe. Os animais do segundo grupo realizaram o treinamento e ingeriram o óleo de peixe por um período de oito semanas. Ao final da última sessão de exercício resistido os animais foram organizados em seis subgrupos de oito cada, segundo o intervalo de tempo (12, 24 e 48 horas) transcorrido até o procedimento de retirada do músculo gastrocnêmio. Em cada tempo determinado após a última sessão de exercício resistido, o músculo gastrocnêmio foi retirado para análise morfológica. RESULTADOS: As células do músculo esquelético dos animais que não receberam óleo de peixe apresentaram escores maiores de edema, especialmente as dos grupos que tiveram os músculos retirados em 24 e 48 horas. No grupo que ingeriu o óleo de peixe observou-se menor quantidade de infiltrado inflamatório e áreas de necrose reduzidas em comparação com os animais que se exercitavam sem o uso de óleo de peixe, em todos os intervalos de tempo pós-exercício. CONCLUSÕES: A ingestão de óleo de peixe atenuou as alterações morfológicas no tecido muscular após exercícios de alta intensidade.

Action of a deproteinized xenogenic biomaterial in the process of bone repair in rats submitted to inhalation of cigarette smoke.

PURPOSE: To investigate if the inorganic bovine bone matrix changes the bone formation in rats submitted to inhalation of cigarette smoke. METHODS: Twenty Wistar rats were divided into two groups: Cigarette Clot Group (CCG), which in the inhalation chamber received the smoke of 10 cigarettes, 3 times a day, 10 minutes, for 30 days and had the surgical cavity filled by clot; Cigarette Biomaterial Group (CBG), submitted to the same inhalation technique but with the cavity filled by biomaterial. RESULTS: In CCG there was a significant difference of new bone tissue in the analyzed periods (15 and 45 days), and in 15 days, there was 4.8 ± 0.42 of bone formed and 11.73 ± 0.59 (p <0.05) in 45 days. The CBG also showed a significant difference between the periods of 15 to 45 days, being respectively 6.16 ± 0.30 and 11.60 ± 0.61. However, when the groups were compared, within the same analyzed periods, a significant difference was observed only in the period of 15 days, with the new bone percentage being greater in the CBG. CONCLUSION: The bone matrix acted as an osteoinductive biomaterial, biocompatible and aided in the repair process, mainly in the initial period of recovery.

Action of a deproteinized xenogenic biomaterial in the process of bone repair in rats submitted to inhalation of cigarette smoke

Abstract Purpose: To investigate if the inorganic bovine bone matrix changes the bone formation in rats submitted to inhalation of cigarette smoke. Methods: Twenty Wistar rats were divided into two groups: Cigarette Clot Group (CCG), which in the inhalation chamber received the smoke of 10 cigarettes, 3 times a day, 10 minutes, for 30 days and had the surgical cavity filled by clot; Cigarette Biomaterial Group (CBG), submitted to the same inhalation technique but with the cavity filled by biomaterial. Results: In CCG there was a significant difference of new bone tissue in the analyzed periods (15 and 45 days), and in 15 days, there was 4.8 ± 0.42 of bone formed and 11.73 ± 0.59 (p <0.05) in 45 days. The CBG also showed a significant difference between the periods of 15 to 45 days, being respectively 6.16 ± 0.30 and 11.60 ± 0.61. However, when the groups were compared, within the same analyzed periods, a significant difference was observed only in the period of 15 days, with the new bone percentage being greater in the CBG. Conclusion: The bone matrix acted as an osteoinductive biomaterial, biocompatible and aided in the repair process, mainly in the initial period of recovery.

Antidiabetic and antilipidemic effects of Manilkara zapota.

Manilkara zapota is a tropical evergreen tree belonging to the Sapotaceae family; its parts are used in alternative medicine to treat coughs and colds and possess diuretic, antidiarrheal, antibiotic, antihyperglycemic, and hypocholesterolemic effects. There are no studies on metabolic profile after using the fruit, and this study aimed at evaluating the effects of the leaf and pulp of M. zapota fruit on the metabolic profile of Wistar rats. Male rats were treated for 50 days with M. zapota leaf juice or fruit juice, after which their biochemical and body composition profiles were analyzed (glycemia, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), insulin, leptin, aspartate transaminase, alanine aminotransferase, Lee Index, and body mass index). Our results indicate significantly lower levels of glycemia, insulin, leptin, cholesterol, and triglycerides and augmented levels of HDL-c in animals treated with the leaves or fruit of this plant. The percentage of weight gain also declined in animals treated with M. zapota fruit pulp. The use of the M. zapota may be helpful in the prevention of obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and their complications.

Efeitos do chá de orégano (Origanum vulgare) no perfil bioquímicode ratos Wistar / Effects of oregano (Origanum vulgare) tea on the biochemical profile of Wistar rats

Objetivos: Avaliar os efeitos do chá (infusão) de orégano sobre o perfil bioquímico e peso corporal de ratos Wistar.Métodos: Foram utilizados para o experimento 20 ratos Wistar machos divididos em dois grupos de 10 animais em cada: um grupo tratado, que durante 30 dias recebeu como única ingesta hídrica uma infusão de folhas de orégano (chá de orégano), e um grupo controle, que durante o mesmo período recebeu água pura. Todos os animais tiveram livre acesso ao mesmo tipo de ração e o líquido (água ou chá de orégano) foi ofertado ad libitum. Foram realizadas pesagens semanais, registrando os pesos corporais dos animais no 1º, 8º, 15º, 23º e 30º dias. No 30º dia do experimento os animais foram anestesiados e sacrificados com pentobarbital sódico. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue a fim de determinar colesterol total, HDL-colesterol, triglicerídeos, glicemia, proteína C reativa, creatinina, aspartato aminotransferase e alanina aminotransferase.Resultados: Os animais que receberam o chá de orégano tiveram uma glicemia menor (135,20±22,09) quando comparados ao grupo controle (152,00±16,51) (p<0,05). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos nos níveis de colesterol total, triglicerídeos e HDL-colesterol, nem no ganho de peso médio ou no percentual de ganho de peso.Conclusões: O estudo dos efeitos do chá de orégano em ratos sugere que essa planta pode ter efeitos benéficos na manutenção da glicemia. Propõe-se que mais estudos clínicos sejam realizados com diferentes concentrações e períodos de tempo.

Aims: To evaluate the effects of oregano tea (infusion) on biochemical profile and body weight of Wistar rats.Methods: Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into two groups of 10 animals each: a treated group, which for 30 days received an infusion of oregano (oregano tea) as the only fluid intake, and a control group, which during the same period received pure water. All animals had free access to the same kind of chow and the liquid (water or oregano tea) was offered ad libitum. The rats were weighed weekly, and their body weights were recorded at 1st, 8th, 15th, 23rd, and 30th days. On day 30, the animals were anesthetized and euthanized with sodium pentobarbital. Blood samples were collected in order to determine total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, blood glucose, C-reactive protein, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase.Results: The animals that received the infusion of oregano had a lower blood glucose (135.20±22.09) when compared to the control group (152.00±16.51) (p<0.05). There were no significant changes in total cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol or in weight gain and the rate of weight gain.Conclusions: The study of the effects of oregano tea in rats suggests that this plant might have beneficial effects on blood glucose control. It is proposed that further clinical studies are carried out with different concentrations and time periods.

Efeitos do uso de manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L) no perfil bioquímico de ratos Wistar / Effects of the use of basil (Ocimum basilicum L) in biochemical profile of Wistar rats

Objetivo - O manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.) é uma planta comumente utilizada na culinária e tem sido apontado pelas suas propriedades benéficas à saúde, possuindo importantes efeitos antioxidantes, anti-inflamatórios e hepato-protetores. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da administração de manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.) no perfil bioquímico de ratos. Método - Trinta ratos machos da linhagem Wistar foram utilizados. Os ratos foram divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos de 10 animais e receberam tratamentos ad libitum por um período de trinta dias. O primeiro grupo (G1) recebeu água ad libitum, o segundo e terceiro grupos (G2 e G3) receberam infusão de manjericão nas concentrações de 20g/L e 40g/L, respectivamente. Foram feitas análises de glicemia, colesterol total, HDL-c, triglicerídeos, proteína C reativa (PCR), creatinina, aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e alanina aminotransferase (ALT). Resultados - A utilização do Ocimum basilicum L. promoveu redução de 37,44% no índice de colesterol total e de 34,55% nos níveis de triglicerídeos, e aumento de 39% nos níveis de HDL-c em relação ao grupo controle. Considerando a glicemia houve redução de 11,40% e 19,36% utilizando concentrações de 20 g/L e 40 g/L do manjericão, respectivamente. Não houve alteração significativa nos níveis de creatinina, PCR e enzimas hepáticas. Conclusão - Os resultados sobre as variáveis bioquímicas são promissores, visto que as alterações podem beneficiar indivíduos em condições de hipercolesterolemia e hiperglicemia, auxiliando na prevenção e tratamento de distúrbios crônico-degenerativos. Sugere-se que novos estudos sejam realizados, como a análise de toxicidade da infusão de manjericão em ratos Wistar e determinação dos constituintes químicos da infusão.

Objective - Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is a plant commonly used in culinary and it has been indicated for their beneficial health properties, such as significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepato-protective effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) by oral administration in the biochemical profile of rats. Method - Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided in three groups of 10 animals, and were fed ad libitum for 30 days. The first group (G1) received water ad libitum, the second and third groups (G2 and G3) received an infusion of basil at concentrations of 20 g/L and 40 g/L, respectively. Levels of glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-C, triglycerides, C-reactive protein (CRP), creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were analyzed. Results - The use of O. basilicum L. decreased 37.44% in cholesterol levels and 34.55% in triglyceride levels, and increased 39.00% in HDL-c levels. Whereas the blood glycemic decreased 11.40% and 19.36% using concentrations of 20g/L and 40g/L of basil, respectively. There was no significant modification in creatinine levels, CRP and liver enzymes. Conclusion - The results show that O. basilicum L. can be helpful to prevent hyperglycemia and dyslipidemias but further studies should be done, such as the toxic analysis of basil infusion in male Wistar rats and the determination of the chemical constituents of the infusion.

Uso da suplementação com ácidos graxos poli-insaturados omega-3 associado ao exercício físico: uma revisão / Use of supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids Omega-3 associated with exercise: a review

Estudos realizados na área de saúde fazem crer que os ácidos graxos poli-insaturados ômega-3 (AGPI-n3) derivados de óleo de peixe, possam ser úteis em meio atlético. Visando um melhor esclarecimento, essa revisão tem como objetivo reunir e abordar evidências acerca do uso da suplementação com AGPI-n3 no exercício físico e os efeitos dessa suplementação, além de contribuir tanto para o conhecimento quanto para a compreensão sobre o tema. Desta forma foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica, que revisou periódicos nacionais e internacionais em banco de dados, livros, monografias, dissertações e teses. Há indícios de que o uso dos AGPIn3 possam atenuar os efeitos do processo inflamatório em lesões musculares por ajudarem na modulação e liberação de citocinas pró-inflamatórias. .

Abstract: Studies in health survey suggest that the polyunsaturated fatty acids omega-3 (PUFA-n3) derived from fish oil, may be useful in athletic environment. For a better explanation, the aim of this review is bring together and address the evidence regarding the use of supplementation PUFA-n3 inthe exercise and the effects of it, as well as contributing to both knowledge and understanding of the topic. Thus was performed a literature search that reviewed national and international journals in the database, books, monographs, dissertations and theses. There is evidence that the use of PUFAn3 can mitigate the effects of inflammation in muscle injuries by helping in the modulation andrelease of inflammatory cytokines.

Increased exhalation of hydrogen peroxide in healthy subjects following cigarette consumption

CONTEXT: Increased hydrogen peroxide has been described in the expired breath condensate (H2O2-E) of several lung conditions, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. This technique has been advocated as being a simple method for documenting airway inflammation. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate H2O2-E in healthy cigarette smokers, and to determine the acute effects of the consumption of one cigarette on H2O2-E levels. TYPE OF STUDY: Prospective, controlled trial. SETTING: A pulmonary function laboratory in a University Hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Two groups of healthy volunteers: individuals who had never smoked (NS; n=10; 4 men; age = 30.6 Ý 6.2 years) and current cigarette smokers (S; n=12; 7 men; age = 38.7 Ý 9.8). None of the volunteers had respiratory symptoms and all showed normal spirometric tests. INTERVENTION: Expired air was collected from all volunteers through a face mask and a plastic collecting system leading into a flask with dry ice and pure ethanol. Samples from the group S were collected twice, before and half an hour after the combustion of one cigarette. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Expired hydrogen peroxide using the Gallati and Pracht method. RESULTS: The S and NS groups showed comparable levels of H2O2-E at basal conditions [NS = 0.74 muM (DP 0.24) vs. S = 0.75 muM (DP 0.31)]. The smokers showed a significant increase in H2O2-E levels half an hour after the consumption of only one cigarette [0.75 muM (DP 0.31) vs. 0.95 muM (DP 0.22)]. CONCLUSION: The present results are consistent with the concept that smokers increase oxidative stress with elevated production of reactive oxygen species, contributing to the development of smoking-related disorders

A lesäo pulmonar induzida pela ventilaçäo mecânica é um processo inflamatório? / Lung injury pulmonary by mechanical ventilation: is a inflammatory process?

A ventilaçao mecânica tem sido utilizada para salvar vidas , porem altos volumes correntes e altos picos de pressao tem levado a um aumento de complicaçoes pulmonares. Foram utilizados ratos machos wistar divididos em três grupos: Grupo V 7 (n=12) : ratos ventilados com volume corrente de 7 ml/kg do peso corporal e frequência respiratória de 50 rpm por 4 horas., grupo V 21 (n=10) : ratos ventilados com volume corrente de 21 ml/kg do peso corporal e freqüência respiratória de 16 rpm por 4 horas grupo V 42 (n=11) : ratos ventilados com volume corrente de 42 ml/kg do peso corporal e freqüência respiratória de 8 rpm por 4 horas. Todos os animais foram ventilados com FIO2 a 1OO por cento .Após o sacrifício dos animais o lavado pulmonar foi realizado para estudo da celularidade , de citoquinas inflamatórias (TNF-a e IL- 1b) de proteínas e Fosfolipidios, foram feitos a curva pressao volume peso úmido e peso seco dos pulmoes. Quando houve significância estatística os valores foram assinalados com asterisco . Os resultados obtidos respectivamente dos grupos V7,V2l,V42 foram : Peso corporal (g) 418,08;401,80;388,36,.peso úmido do pulmao direito (g) I,685 ;I,440;3,621*, peso seco do pulmao direito (g) O,224 ; O,228 ; O,202 ; relaçao peso úmido/seco do pulmao direito 7,80 ;6,34 ; 18,14*,Proteínas totais (mg) 16,47 , II,32 ; 42,81 *, Proteínas totais/peso seco (mg/g) , 76,06 ;50,51;211,46*.0 valor para o pH na gasometria arterial no período basal -7,42; 7,48 ;7,42 2horas-7,39 7,48;7,38 e 4horas-7,37 ; 7,39 ; 7,34 Os valores de PaCO2 em mmHg no tempo basal:38,83 ; 40,30 ;40,21, no tempo 2horas-38,72 ; 39,1 I;42,72 e 4horas- 39,33 ; 39,15 ; 46,43. Em relaçao a PaO2 em mmHg no tempo basal-508,07;529,45 ;501,26 ; 2horas 495,67 ;540,55 ;481,76 e 4 horas-516,67 ; 547,19 ; 279,96*.As células do lavado pulmonar em mm3 tiveram médias 94,75 ;lO2,00 ; 192,73*.0 diferencial destas células foram : Macrófagos ( por cento ) ;68,38 ; 60,36 ; 49,08*, Linfócitos ( por cento ), 7,78 ; 7,91 ; 5,17 e Neutrófilos ( por cento ) 23,84; 31,73 ;@45,75*. A ILI-b nao foi identificada no soro nem no lavado pulmonar . Os valores do TNF-a soro pg/ml foram do grupo V7(110,41) ; V(2198,83) e V42(824,68) e TNF-a lavado pulmonar pg/ml V7(15,67); V2l(l7,43) e V42(134,17*).Os Fosfolipídios totais em mg tiveram médias 1,89 ; 1,84 ; 2,82* respectivamente e a relaçao sobrenadante/ precipitado:2,43 ; 2,71; 3,65*.A Capacidade pulmonar total (ml) tiveram médias: V7(19,73) ; V2l(l9,30) e V42(19,09) ...(au)