Epidemiological, clinical and pathological characteristics of gastric neoplasms in the province of Cremona: the experience of the first population-based specialized gastric cancer registry in Italy.

BACKGROUND: The gastric cancer incidence rate differs widely across geographical areas. In Italy, in the province of Cremona the incidence is high, compared to the national situation. For this reason a specialized population-based registry was set up. METHODS: The collection encompasses all gastric cancers diagnosed in the three districts of the province since January 1, 2010. The main data sources were the pathological and Hospital Discharge Records and patient clinical charts. Only diagnoses of primary gastric cancer were considered. For each case the following variables were registered: personal data, medical history and symptoms at diagnosis; imaging assessments performed, details on surgery and other treatments received; genetic background and biomolecular characteristics; social and environmental factors. RESULTS: As of November 2017, 1087 cases were collected; of which 876, diagnosed up to December 2015, were analyzed. Male/female ratio was 1.4. The European Age-standardized Incidence Rate was 41.4 for males and 28.3 for females as compared to a national average of 33.3 and 17.0 respectively. Median age at diagnosis was 73 for male and 78 for female. Helicobacter Pylori infection was present in fewer than 20% of cases. HER-2 gene was amplified in about 25% of cases. Primary tumour location was the gastro-esophageal junction or cardia in 17.5% in males and 8.3% in females. The majority of cases (58.3%) were diagnosed at an advanced stage and overall only 41.2% underwent surgery. Median overall survival was 14.8 months for men and 18.5 for women. Age standardized 5-year relative survival was 31.4% for men and 40.5% for females. Neoadjuvant treatment was performed in fewer than 10% of patients who underwent surgery, and the rate of postoperative therapy adherence was low. DISCUSSION: This study shows a high gastric cancer incidence in the province of Cremona, with a geographical spread across different districts. Moreover, a high percentage of gastric cancers were detected at an advanced stage of disease and a low rate of 5-year relative survival was registered. Based on these findings, effective preventive interventional health strategies and screening procedures need to be implemented to reduce the impact of this pathology in this geographical area.

Split-dose preparation for colonoscopy increases adenoma detection rate: a randomised controlled trial in an organised screening programme.

OBJECTIVE: Although a split regimen of bowel preparation has been associated with higher levels of bowel cleansing, it is still uncertain whether it has a favourable effect on the adenoma detection rate (ADR). The present study was aimed at evaluating whether a split regimen was superior to the traditional 'full-dose, day-before' regimen in terms of ADR. DESIGN: In a multicentre, randomised, endoscopist-blinded study, 50-69-year-old subjects undergoing first colonoscopy after positive-faecal immunochemical test within an organised colorectal cancer organised screening programmes were 1:1 randomised to receive low-volume 2-L polyethylene glycol (PEG)-ascorbate solution in a 'split-dose' (Split-Dose Group, SDG) or 'day-before' regimen (Day-Before Group, DBG). The primary endpoint was the proportion of subjects with at least one adenoma. Secondary endpoints were the detection rates of advanced adenomas and serrated lesions at per-patient analysis and the total number of lesions. RESULTS: 690 subjects were included in the study. At per-patient analysis, the proportion of subjects with at least one adenoma was significantly higher in the SDG than in the DBG (183/345, 53.0% vs 141/345, 40.9%, relative risk (RR) 1.22, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.46); corresponding figures for advanced adenomas were 26.4% (91/345) versus 20.0% (69/345, RR 1.35, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.73). At per-polyp analysis, the total numbers of both adenomas and advanced adenomas per subject were significantly higher in the SDG (1.15 vs 0.8, p <0.001; 0.36 vs 0.22, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In an organised screening setting, the adoption of a split regimen resulted into a higher detection rate of clinically relevant neoplastic lesions, thus improving the effectiveness of colonoscopy. Based on such evidence, the adoption of a split regimen for colonoscopy should be strongly recommended. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02178033.

Epigenetic silencing of monoallelically methylated miRNA loci in precancerous colorectal lesions.

Epigenetic silencing of protein-encoding genes is common in early-stage colorectal tumorigenesis. Less is known about the methylation-mediated silencing of genes encoding microRNAs (miRNAs), which are also important epigenetic modulators of gene expression. Using quantitative PCR, we identified 56 miRNAs that were expressed in normal colorectal mucosa and in HT29 colorectal cancer cells treated with demethylating agents but not in untreated HT29 cells, suggesting that they probably undergo methylation-induced silencing during colorectal tumorigenesis. One of these, miR-195, had recently been reported to be underexpressed in colorectal cancers and to exert tumor-suppressor effects in colorectal cancer cells. We identified the transcription start site (TSS) for primary miRNA (pri-miR)-497/195, the primary precursor that yields miR-195 and another candidate on our list, miR-497, and a single CpG island upstream to the TSS, which controls expression of both miRNAs. Combined bisulfite restriction analysis and bisulfite genomic sequencing studies revealed monoallelic methylation of this island in normal colorectal mucosa (50/50 samples) and full methylation in most colorectal adenomas (38/50; 76%). The hypermethylated precancerous lesions displayed significantly downregulated expression of both miRNAs. Similar methylation patterns were observed at two known imprinted genes, MEG3 and GNAS-AS1, which encode several of the 56 miRNAs on our list. Imprinting at these loci was lost in over half the adenomas (62% at MEG3 and 52% at GNAS-AS1). Copy-number alterations at MEG3, GNAS-AS1 and pri-miR-497/195, which are frequent in colorectal cancers, were less common in adenomas and confined to tumors displaying differential methylation at the involved locus. Our data show that somatically acquired, epigenetic changes at monoallelically methylated regions encoding miRNAs are relatively frequent in sporadic colorectal adenomas and might contribute to the onset and progression of these tumors.

The Cooperative Italian FLIN Study Group: prevalence and clinico-pathological features of colorectal laterally spreading tumors.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Laterally spreading tumors (LSTs) are increasingly recognized as important precursors of colorectal carcinoma. The clinical behavior of these large nonpolypoid lesions is still uncertain. The aim of the present study was to assess prevalence and clinico-pathological features of LSTs in a large Italian cohort of patients. METHODS: The study was a subgroup analysis of a large database of patients undergoing total colonoscopy. The database originated from a multicenter cross-sectional observational study involving 80 centers throughout Italy. RESULTS: Data from 27,400 total colonoscopies were analyzed. Precancerous lesions were detected in 5609 patients. Of these, LSTs were identified in 254 patients (4.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.5-6.2). Granular-type LSTs (G-LSTs) accounted for 83% of the cases (211/254). LSTs were predominant in the proximal colon (154, 60.6%). A total 231 lesions were endoscopically removed, with histology being available for 242. Neoplasia was confirmed in 225 lesions (93.4%) (143 low grade adenoma, 76 high grade adenoma, and six submucosal cancer). The six cases of submucosally invasive carcinoma were diagnosed in five G-LST and one nongranular LST (NG-LST). The risk of containing advanced histology was not increased in G-LST compared with NG-LST (odds ratio [OR] 1.55, 95%CI 0.73-3.27); it was significantly higher in lesions with large nodules (OR 3.09, 95%CI 1.05-9.04; P = 0.041) or depressed surface (OR 4.27, 95%CI 1.24-14.61; P = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: LSTs represent approximately 5% of all precancerous colorectal lesions in the Italian population and are prevalent in the proximal colon. These lesions are no more likely to harbor advanced histology than similar-sized polypoid lesions. Large nodularity or depressed surface are risk factors for advanced histology.

Systematic quality control for management of ST elevation acute myocardial infarction in setting of local network.

AIM: Adherence to evidence based guidelines, assessed by measuring key indicators, allows to detect, evaluate and improve quality of care. Since 2004 in Carlo Poma Hospital, following the introduction of a network for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) management, the authors carried out a clinical database in order to measure quality of care in STEMI patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A real time upgradable database was developed, to assess clinical practice in myocardial infarction management. The authors evaluated prevalence and control of risk factors, pharmacological therapies and interventional procedures, pathways and delays to care. RESULTS: From 1 February 2004 to 31 January 2008, 1,714 consecutive patients with myocardial infarction were admitted in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was performed in 85% of STEMI patients. Door to balloon time was greater than 90 min in only 17% of patients, of whom 88% coming from emergency department and 12% transferred by 118. CONCLUSION: In the authors' experience quality indicators proved useful in the management of myocardial infarction. Implementation of 118 and improvement of pre-hospital diagnosis in setting of local network can reduce time to treatment.

Prevalence of nonpolypoid colorectal neoplasia: an Italian multicenter observational study.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of nonpolypoid lesions (NPLs) in Italy and their risk of containing neoplasia or advanced histology. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a multicenter cross-sectional observational study on consecutive patients undergoing total colonoscopy over a 3-month period in 80 Italian centers. RESULTS: In all, 27,400 total colonoscopies were analyzed. Cancer was diagnosed in 801 patients (2.9 %). A total of 6553 precancerous lesions were detected in 5609 patients. Of these, 4154 patients (74.1 %) had polypoid lesions and 1455 patients (25.9 %) had NPLs. Therefore, the prevalence of NPLs was 5.3 % (95 %CI 5.0 - 5.6). NPLs larger than 10 mm were detected in 254 patients (17.5 %). NPLs were more predominant in the proximal colon (OR 2.92, 95 %CI 2.56 - 3.43; P < 0.0001 vs. polypoid lesions). Neoplastic tissue was diagnosed in 79.0 % and advanced histology (high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia or more) in 20.9 % of resected lesions. The risk of advanced histology was similar for polypoid and nonpolypoid lesions when adjusted for size. Depressed lesions had the highest risk of advanced histology (OR 10.56, 95 %CI 6.02 - 18.55; P < 0.0000 vs. flat-elevated). Age was an independent predictor of both neoplasia and advanced histology ( P = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: NPLs are relatively common in the Italian population, with a prevalence similar to that in other Western series. NPLs are not more aggressive than polypoid lesions, except for those with depressed morphology.

Gastrointestinal hemorrhage caused by secondary aorto-duodenal fistula: a case report.

Aortic graft-enteric fistula is a life-threatening complication of aortic reconstruction surgery. It is a rare condition but its frequency is rising because of an increase of patients who underwent to aortic aneurysm repairs with prosthetic implants. We report a case of a 72 years-old man with a secondary aorto-duodenal fistula. The man presented haematochezia and mild normocytic anaemia; the patient had undergone an aortic-bifemoral bypass 8 years earlier because of subrenal abdominal aortic aneurysm. An urgent upper endoscopy showed the aortic graft crossing the third segment of the eroded duodenal wall with no signs of bleeding from the prosthesis. He underwent an emergent operation to repair the graft-enteric fistula, to have the partial removal of the graft, as well as an aneurysmectomy and implantation of new endoaortic graft. The post-operative course was uneventful and the patient was discharged two weeks after the operation. He received a regular follow up. A secondary aorto-duodenal fistula is rarely diagnosed in an early phase as a herald haemorrhage. A precocious identification of this condition is thus essential to refer the patient to an urgent operation and to reduce the associated mortality.

Prospective multicenter quality assessment of endotherapy of biliary stones: does center volume matter?

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: To study the effectiveness of endoscopic treatment for biliary stones in a large case list of patients treated in units with different experience and different workloads in a region of northern Italy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We prospectively studied 700 patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography or sphincterotomy, in 14 units (> or < 200 examinations/year), for their first treatment of biliary stones. The difficulty of the examinations, the results in terms of clearance of the stones, and the late outcomes (24 months) were recorded. A questionnaire (GHAA-9modified) was administered 24 hours and 30 days after the procedure to measure patient satisfaction. RESULTS: There were six units with a heavy workload and eight with a light schedule. There were 176 (25.1 %) difficult examinations (Schutz grades 3, 4, and 5). Stones were found in 580 (82.9 %) and were cleared in 504 of these patients (86.9 %). No differences were observed in the clearance of stones for the different groups of difficulty and high- and low-volume centers. Over the 24-month follow-up period, 96 patients (13.7 %) complained of recurrent symptoms and 44 (6.3 %) had proof of stones. In all, 603 questionnaires were evaluable and more than 80 % of patients expressed satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm the effectiveness of endoscopic treatment of biliary stones. However, the number of patients with symptoms (13.7) after 24 months, with or without persistence of stones, was not insignificant. It is feasible to record patient satisfaction, and in this series patients stated they were satisfied. Criticism mostly concerned pain control and explanations provided before the examination.

No reflow in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction at high risk: incidence and predictive factors.

AIM: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a consolidated therapeutic strategy for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), but achieving a TIMI 3 flow does not always correspond to true tissue reperfusion. The aim of the study was to evaluate the incidence and predictive factors of no reflow in patients undergoing primary angioplasty (PCI) for AMI at high risk, in the setting of a provincial cardiological emergency network. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the ECGs of 360 consecutive patients undergoing primary PCI, between 2001-2004, recorded before and 90 min after the procedure, and compared them with the angiographic data. RESULTS: The patients were divided into 2 groups: group A (reperfused) with a >50% reduction in ST and group B (no reflow) with a <50% reduction in ST but a TIMI 3 flow in the epicardial vessel. The 2 groups were comparable in terms of mean age, sex, diabetes and AMI site. However, there were statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of precoronary time, Killip class IV, ejection fraction, mean leukocyte count, C-reactive protein, and the periprocedural administration of abciximab. Total mortality was 6%: 14% in group B vs 3% in group A. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that a fair percentage of patients (24%) with a TIMI 3 flow after PCI during ST-elevation MI do not show ECG signs of effective reperfusion and have a higher in-hospital mortality rate. Precoronary time and the inflammatory phlogistic substrate are important independent predictors of no reflow. Pretreatment with abciximab, particularly if it is not periprocedural, can prevent the occurrence of no reflow.

[Coronary disease: early intervention saves lives. Treatment of acute myocardial infarction in Mantova: results of thirty months of work after the implementation of a province network]. / Malattia coronarica: l'intervento precoce salva la vita. Terapia dell'infarto miocardico acuto a Mantova, risultati di trenta mesi di attivita' dopo l'attivazione di una rete provinciale.

BACKGROUND: Since June 2001, in the province of Mantova, we have undertaken a program for the management of acute myocardial infarction based on the early assessment of patient risk profiles, concerning telematic connections among care centers and on the optimization of in-hospital and out of hospital critical pathways for access to care. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our network provides connections among the following centers: advanced life support ambulances, seven hospitals, three coronary care units, one cath lab on call 24 h a day for primary angioplasty, and one thoracic surgery division. This program, through its strong telematic platform, allows the early assessment of myocardial infarction and provides primary angioplasty to all high-risk patients, as fibrinolytic treatment is reserved only for low-risk patients admitted in peripheral hospitals. RESULTS: Two hundred and eighty patients with acute myocardial infarction were treated with angioplasty; 224 patients (80%) underwent primary angioplasty, 36 patients (13%) facilitated angioplasty and 20 patients (7%) rescue angioplasty. One hundred and thirty-two patients (47%) were first admitted to Mantova Hospital; 78 patients (28%) were referred to Mantova from peripheral hospitals and 70 patients (25%) were directly transported to the cath lab by advanced life support ambulances. Procedural success was obtained in 98% of patients, with 0.4% intraprocedural mortality. In-hospital mortality was 5.7%, while mortality in cardiogenic shock patients was 36%. The recurrence of acute myocardial infarction occurred in 1% of patients and major bleeding occurred in 2.2% of patients. One patient with cardiogenic shock died during transport. Mean door to balloon time was 67 min with a 42% reduction in the 3rd recruitment period. CONCLUSIONS: This program, developed in the setting of a provincial network for the management of acute myocardial infarction, provided primary angioplasty to all high-risk patients, with a high procedural success rate. Within a few months, time to treatment was minimized by the use of telematic facilities.

Peptic ulcer bleeding: comparison of two hemostatic procedures.

OBJECTIVE: Bleeding is a serious complication of peptic ulcer. Endoscopic injection therapy is accepted as a homeostatic endoscopic treatment in acute nonvariceal of upper GI hemorrhages, particularly in bleeding peptic ulcers. The risk of rebleeding is predicted by the endoscopic appearance of ulcer features classified according to Forrest's criteria. METHODS: Two hundred twenty-three patients were selected from 1,003 emergency upper endoscopies for GI bleeding. According to Forrest's criteria, 99 well-matched patients with ulcers F1 and F2 were considered at risk of rebleeding; 54 patients (group A) received local ulcer injection of epinephrine solution 1:10,000, whereas (group B) patients were treated with local epinephrine injection and then with endoscopic Hemoclips. (1) We considered the control of bleeding, the number of rebleeding episodes, the need for emergency surgery, and mortality. RESULTS: Bleeding ulcers stopped completely in 83.3% group A patients, and in 95.6% group B patients (p = not significant). In a subset of F1b patients the rebleeding rate was 31 % for group A and 0% for group B (p < 0.05). There was no mortality as a result of the procedure. There was a trend toward reducing surgery in favor of the combined therapy (0% vs 7.4%). No differences were found in transfusion requirements or mean hospitalization days. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that endoscopic injection of l:10,000 epinephrine solution alone and epinephrine solution plus application of Hemoclips are equivalent therapies in treating bleeding and rebleeding from peptic ulcers. There was no difference between therapies in terms of need for surgery or mortality. Possibly combination therapy is more effective in treating ulcers that are actively oozing.

Relapse of low-grade gastric MALT lymphoma after Helicobacter pylori eradication: true relapse or persistence? Long-term post-treatment follow-up of a multicenter trial in the north-east of Italy and evaluation of the diagnostic protocol's adequacy.

The effect of eradication of Helicobacter pylori on early stage gastric low-grade MALT lymphoma in 76 patients with follow-up of at least 1 year (12-63 months, mean 28) is reported. No regression was found in five cases after 12-48 months. In one case surgical resection detected the involvement of perigastric lymph nodes overlooked by endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS). Neither progression of the disease nor a high-grade component was documented by repeated gastric mappings, EUS and complete stagings in the other four cases. After histological remission five relapses of low-grade and one relapse of high-grade MALT lymphoma were found 12-48 months after eradication. Subsequent histological remission, without any additional therapy, was found in three relapsed cases. A rapid and persistent histological remission was obtained in 56 patients (73%). A late remission was observed in six cases. Monoclonal remission was found in half of the patients and was frequently delayed. Persistent monoclonality was associated with histological remission in the vast majority of patients. Our data confirm H. pylori eradication as the first choice therapy for early stage gastric low-grade MALT lymphoma and recommend extensive bioptic mapping and endoscopic sonography both in the local staging and in the regression evaluation. The rare cases of late remission encourage us to wait for at least 1 year after eradication of H. pylori. Longer follow-up studies will clarify the meaning of histological relapse/persistence and late remission. The study of non-responder cases could show us a step in lymphomagenesis.

Antigenic mimicry between Helicobacter pylori and gastric mucosa in the pathogenesis of body atrophic gastritis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The majority of patients with Helicobacter pylori infection have autoantibodies cross-reacting with gastric antigens. In this study, the relation between autoantibody status, histopathology of body mucosa, and antigenic profile of H. pylori was investigated. METHODS: One hundred patients were examined for H. pylori infection, body gastritis, and gastric autoantibodies. Balb/c mice were analyzed for serum autoantibodies after immunization with H. pylori from patients with and without atrophic gastritis. RESULTS: Immunoglobulin G autoantibodies were detected in 57 of the 87 infected patients (65.5%) but in none of the 13 patients without infection and gastritis. The autoreaction involved mainly the luminal surface of glandular cells and secretory canaliculi of parietal cells. The autoantibody status correlated with the presence and degree of inflammation and atrophy of the glands. H. pylori from patients with atrophic gastritis showed a higher capacity to induce autoantibodies than H. pylori from patients with a minimal superficial gastritis. Monoclonal antibodies showed differences in the bacterial expression of cross-reacting determinants. CONCLUSIONS: H. pylori-mediated autoimmunity is involved in the pathogenesis of chronic atrophic gastritis. The grade of antigenic mimicry of the infecting H. pylori strain plays a role in the progression of chronic gastritis to atrophy.

Diagnosis and posttreatment follow-up of Helicobacter pylori-positive gastric lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue: histology, polymerase chain reaction, or both?

The differential diagnosis between Helicobacter pylori (H pylori-associated chronic gastritis and low-grade B-cell gastric lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) and the assessment of endoscopic biopsy specimens after treatment of lymphoma can be problematic. Although immunocytochemistry can be used to identify clonal B-cell populations, which are characteristic of MALT lymphoma, its application to small biopsy specimens and the subsequent interpretation can be difficult. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can detect clonal B-cell populations by analysis of the Ig heavy chain gene in routinely fixed paraffin-embedded material and might provide a useful tool in the assessment of these specimens. We have investigated the value of histology and PCR in the diagnosis of lymphoma and its followup in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded gastric endoscopy biopsy specimens from 69 sequential patients selected on the basis of a dense mucosal lymphoid infiltrate associated with H pylori infection. Histologic evidence of MALT lymphoma was identified in 13 cases, 9 of which showed PCR-detected monoclonality. In 12 of 13 cases, H pylori was eradicated, and in 11 of 12 cases, histologic regression of the lymphoma followed. PCR evidence of monoclonality disappeared in 6 of 9 originally monoclonal cases. This was synchronous with histologic remission in 1 case, but lagged in the remaining 5 cases by up to 28 months. Two of the 3 of the 9 cases originally monoclonal by PCR that have not shown molecular regression have monoclonal-amplified products 17 and 24 months after negative histology. In 3 cases, the histology of the biopsies was considered indeterminate or discordant. In 1 of these cases, the histologic features were obscured by crush artefact. In a second case, there was molecular evidence of monoclonality in the absence of histologic features suggestive of lymphoma; this persisted after H pylori eradication. An additional single case originally diagnosed as reactive developed a PCR detectable clonal population 29 months after original evaluation in the absence of histologic features of lymphoma but in the presence of persistent H pylori infection. These findings suggest that the histologic assessment of gastric biopsies remains the method of choice for the diagnosis of lymphoma in gastric endoscopic biopsies with a dense mucosal lymphoid infiltrate. PCR provides a useful technique to support the diagnosis if clonal amplification products are found. The significance of PCR detected clonality in the absence of histologic evidence of lymphoma in uncertain but may represent a stage of tumor progression/regression when the clonal population is insufficient to be detected by conventional histology. This is supported by the evidence that PCR-detectable monoclonality can persist after treatment and the disappearance of histologically detectable lymphoma.

Survival after endoscopic sclerotherapy for esophageal varices in cirrhotics.

OBJECTIVES: Gastroesophageal bleeding from varices is the most life-threatening complication in liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension. Since its first application, endoscopic sclerotherapy seems to be the most widely applicable procedure to stop the bleeding and to prevent recurrences. The aim of this study was to ascertain the role of some factors as predictors of survival in different groups of cirrhotic patients. METHODS: At the time of their first hemorrhage from esophageal varices, 184 patients with portal hypertension from cirrhosis were treated by endoscopic sclerotherapy using a combined intraparavariceal procedure and Polidocanol 1% as sclerosing agent. RESULTS: The follow-up range was 1-106 months (mean, 28.2 months), and 84 patients were still alive (45.7%), 97 had died (52.7%), and three had withdrawn (1.6%) at the end of the period. The major cause of death was bleeding, and 35 patients died in the first 6 wk after sclerotherapy. Using Cox proportional hazard models, Child's grading was the most important prognostic factor of both short-term (first 6 wk) and medium/long-term survival (after the first 6 wk up to 5 years). Complete eradication of varices, too, was associated with both short- and long-term survival, whereas age, sex, etiology of cirrhosis, and the presence of esophageal stenosis as a side effect of sclerotherapy were not. The type of sclerotherapy (elective vs emergent) was associated with survival, but it was not independent from Child's grade, because only patients in Child C treated electively showed a better prognosis than those treated in emergency. CONCLUSIONS: We can conclude that patients with severe liver disease (Class C) have poor prognosis, and complete eradication represents an aim because it seems to be protective against the risk of dying.