ABSTRACT
In tropical regions, numerous tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) play a crucial role as causative agents of infectious diseases in humans and animals. Recently, the population of companion and pet dogs has significantly increased in Vietnam; however, information on the occurrence of TBPs is still limited. The objectives of this investigation were to determine the occurrence rate, risk factors, and phylogenetic characteristics of TBPs in dogs from northern Vietnam. Of 341 blood samples tested by PCR, the total infection of TBPs was 73.9% (252/341). Babesia vogeli (18SrRNA gene - 30.5%) was detected most frequently in studied dogs followed by Rickettsia spp. (OmpA gene - 27%), Anaplasma platys (groEL gene - 22%), Bartonella spp. (16SrRNA - 18.8%), Mycoplasma haemocanis (16SrRNA - 9.4%) and Hepatozoon canis (18SrRNA gene - 1.2%), respectively. All samples were negative for Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma phagocytophylum. Co-infection was detected in 31.4% of the samples (107/341) of which, A. platys/Bartonella spp. (34/94,10%), Rickettsia spp./B. vogeli (19/94, 5.6%), and M. haemocanis/B. vogeli (19/94, 5.6%) were recorded as the three most frequent two species of co-infection types. Statistical analysis revealed a significant correlation between TBP infection and several host variables regarding age, breed, and living area in the current study. The recent findings reported herein, for the first time in Vietnam, are essential for local veterinarians when considering the appropriate approaches for diagnosing these diseases. Furthermore, this data can be used to establish control measures for future surveillance and prevention strategies against canine TBPs in Vietnam.
Subject(s)
Anaplasma , Babesia , Dog Diseases , Phylogeny , Tick-Borne Diseases , Animals , Dogs , Vietnam/epidemiology , Dog Diseases/parasitology , Dog Diseases/epidemiology , Dog Diseases/microbiology , Risk Factors , Tick-Borne Diseases/epidemiology , Tick-Borne Diseases/veterinary , Tick-Borne Diseases/microbiology , Tick-Borne Diseases/parasitology , Anaplasma/genetics , Anaplasma/isolation & purification , Babesia/genetics , Babesia/isolation & purification , Male , Female , Rickettsia/genetics , Rickettsia/isolation & purification , Bartonella/genetics , Bartonella/isolation & purification , Bartonella/classification , Mycoplasma/genetics , Mycoplasma/isolation & purification , Mycoplasma/classification , Coinfection/veterinary , Coinfection/epidemiology , Coinfection/parasitology , Coinfection/microbiologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Statins are HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors within the framework of cholesterol biosynthesis and used to lower the low-density lipoprotein (LDL). There are other aspects of statins can deploy a protective effect, even without the LDL's lowering. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of different type of statins on proliferative and migrative behaviors of Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were isolated and cultured. Groups were designed in order to observe the effects of every individual substance. HUVECs were stimulated with HGF, statins and farnesylpyrophosphat ammonium salt (FPP) or geranylgeranyl-pyrophosphate (GGPP), respectively. Cell proliferations were counted 48 hours after initial stimuli and distances between migration fronts were used in migration analyses. RESULTS: All types of statins showed significant anti-migrative and anti-proliferative characters. Simvastatin and fluvastatin but not cerivastatin, were able to inhibit the HGF-depending migration and showed a significant effect on the inhibition of the isoprenylation (GGPP). Only simvastatin influenced the HGF-depending migration via inhibiting the isoprenylation process through GGPP. Cerivastatin significantly decreased the proliferation and Fluvastatin significantly enhanced the migration behaviors of HUVECs when they were co-incubated with methyl-8-cyclodextrin (MCD). CONCLUSIONS: Statins countermand the proproliferative and as well as the promigrative effect of HGF on HUVECs. The mechanisms which provoke this effect are dependent on the type of statin. Direct interactions of statins with lipid rafts play a significant role in the endothelial cell mechanisms.
Subject(s)
Cell Movement/drug effects , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/drug effects , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated/pharmacology , Fluvastatin , Hepatocyte Growth Factor/pharmacology , Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/metabolism , Humans , Indoles/pharmacology , Membrane Microdomains/drug effects , Membrane Microdomains/metabolism , Polyisoprenyl Phosphates/pharmacology , Pyridines/pharmacology , Sesquiterpenes/pharmacology , Simvastatin/pharmacology , beta-Cyclodextrins/pharmacologyABSTRACT
A conserved domain in the extracellular region of the 60- and 80-kilodalton tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs) was identified that mediates specific ligand-independent assembly of receptor trimers. This pre-ligand-binding assembly domain (PLAD) is physically distinct from the domain that forms the major contacts with ligand, but is necessary and sufficient for the assembly of TNFR complexes that bind TNF-alpha and mediate signaling. Other members of the TNFR superfamily, including TRAIL receptor 1 and CD40, show similar homotypic association. Thus, TNFRs and related receptors appear to function as preformed complexes rather than as individual receptor subunits that oligomerize after ligand binding.
Subject(s)
Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/chemistry , Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism , Signal Transduction , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism , Amino Acid Substitution , Antigens, CD/chemistry , Antigens, CD/metabolism , Apoptosis , Binding Sites , Cross-Linking Reagents , Dimerization , Energy Transfer , Fluorescence , Humans , Ligands , Macromolecular Substances , Mutation , Protein Conformation , Protein Structure, Tertiary , Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I , Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II , Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry , Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism , Succinimides , Tumor Cells, CulturedABSTRACT
Counts of Fasciola spp. eggs in faeces and measurements of antibody concentration to the excretory/secretory antigens of Fasciola spp. by ELISA were related to the numbers of flukes in the livers of 92 cattle killed in the abattoirs of Hanoi City, Vietnam. In this population, about 22% of the cattle had no flukes, another 22% had between 1 and 10 flukes, 44% between 11 and 100 flukes and 12% had more than 100 flukes in their livers. Of the 14 animals less than 2 years of age, only three were infected. At 2 years of age the mean number of flukes per liver was 10 whereas at 3 years and older, the mean varied between 60 and 80 flukes. Prevalence of infection was 78.3%. No eggs of Fasciola spp. were detected in the faeces of one third of infected cattle and 60% of the counts were less than 100 eggs per gram. The sensitivity of the egg counting method was 66.7% and specificity 100%, overall accuracy was 73.9%. Corresponding values for the ELISA method were 86.1, 70 and 82.6%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values for the egg counting method were 100 and 45.5% and for the ELISA method were 91.2 and 58.3%, respectively.
