ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Despite its popularity, Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Service Survey (MBI-HSS)'s factorial structure has been subject to considerable debate, and its measurement invariance (MI) is seldomly examined. This cross-sectional study aims at reassessing the most popularly suggested structures of this instrument, namely the 20- and 22-item three-factor model on Vietnamese healthcare professionals. It also examines the MI of MBI-HSS across genders, occupations, and mental health conditions. METHOD: Self-administered questionnaires were sent out to 1500 doctors and nurses working at 15 hospitals in big cities in Vietnam in September and October 2020, and 1162 valid questionnaires were collected. The questionnaire consists of three sets of questions covering (1) demographic information of participants; (2) MBI-HSS questionnaire; and (3) The 21-item version of the Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale. MBI-HSS scale was validated on Vietnamese sample for the first time; therefore, we used the repeated forward-backward procedure to translate this scale into Vietnamese. To examine which model best fits the data, a series of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to test the model fit of correlated three-factor model, second-order hierarchical model, and bi-factor model. The reliability of the MBI-HSS was assessed using Cronbach's α coefficients. Then, multiple-group CFA (MGCFA) was applied to determine whether the MBI-HSS has a similar structure between groups different in gender, occupation, and mental health condition. RESULTS: Our findings confirmed that the 22-item MBI-HSS best fit the data, and this scale measures three distinct but related aspects of burnout, including Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, and Personal Accomplishment. The MI of MBI-HSS across genders and occupations was also confirmed. However, data did not fit well with group at risk for common mental health disorders. It can be concluded that the Vietnamese version of MBI-HSS is a valid measure to assess burnout level of healthcare professionals in Vietnam who are not at risk for mental health disorders.
ABSTRACT
Proactive coping has been documented as a significant predictor of perceived stress. When facing stressful events, the more individuals use proactive coping strategies, the lower their stress level will be. However, there is still little research of possible latent factors participating in this relationship to explain how proactive coping can reduce of perceived stress, directly and indirectly. This study aimed to examine whether self-compassion can mediate the relationship between proactive coping and perceived stress among students. In a cross-sectional study carried out in 2019, we invited 384 undergraduate students in Hanoi (Vietnam) to voluntarily complete a self-report questionnaire that measured proactive coping, self-compassion and perceived stress scale. Results showed that proactive coping was positively related to level of self-compassion, and both proactive coping and self-compassion were negatively related to stress scores. The effect of proactive coping on stress was eliminated when self-compassion was controlled, showing the mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between proactive coping and perceived stress score. Furthermore, among six factors contributing to the concept of self-compassion, data documented mediating role of "self-kindness,""self-judgment," and "mindfulness" while no mediating role of "common humanity,""isolation," and "over-identification" was observed. Among three mediating factors, mindfulness appeared to be the most important factor explaining the relationship between proactive coping and perceived stress. These results consolidate existing literature of the protective role of self-compassion on psychological health, and hence provide more support for the application of self-compassion, especially of mindfulness, in working with people with stress.
