Prevalence of MMTV-like sequences in breast cancer samples in Romanian patients-there is a geographic difference compared to the Western world.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer, although the most frequently diagnosed malignant tumor in humans, has a less clear etiology compared to other frequent cancer types. Mouse-mammary tumor virus (MMTV) is involved in breast cancer in mice and dogs and might play a role in the etiology of some breast cancers in humans, since an MMTV-like sequence was identified in 20-40% of breast cancer samples in Western Europe, USA, Australia and some other parts of the world. The purpose of our study was to identify MMTV-like DNA sequences in breast tissue samples from breast cancer patients who underwent curative surgery in our regional academic center in Romania, EU. METHODS: We selected 75 patients with non-metastatic breast cancer treated surgically with curative intent, who did not undergo any neoadjuvant treatment. Out of these patients, 50 underwent radical lumpectomy and 25 modified radical mastectomy. Based on previous reports in the literature we searched using PCR the MMTV-like DNA env sequence in the breast cancer tissue and normal breast tissue obtained from the same patients. RESULTS: None of the examined samples was positive for MMTV-like target sequences on PCR. CONCLUSIONS: We could not prove that MMTV plays a role in the etiology of breast cancer in our patient group. This finding is similar to those from publications of other geographically related research groups.

DNA damage response and potential biomarkers of radiosensitivity in head and neck cancers: clinical implications.

Head and neck cancers include a wide variety of tumor sites that originate in the epithelium of the upper aerodigestive airways. The curative treatment of this group of pathologies most frequently involves multidisciplinary approach in which radiotherapy (RT) plays a central role. Treatment failures are mainly due to recurrences and local or regional evolution and rarely to distant metastases, which emphasizes the importance of ensuring local control. For patients with recurrences, the treatment options are significantly reduced, and prognosis is considerably attenuated. At the cellular level, the main irradiation target is the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), its lesions being largely responsible for radiation-induced cell death. However, not all DNA damage will have the same biological significance and a considerable part will be repaired through an intricate network of signaling proteins and repair pathways. Radiobiologically, compared to normal cells, tumor clonogens are defined by malfunction of DNA repair pathways. Tumors with an increased repair capacity, especially DNA double-strand breaks, the most lethal lesions induced by RT, will be radioresistant. The purpose of this review was to elucidate the mechanisms involved in avoiding radiation-induced apoptosis of head and neck cancers mediated by modulating the repair of DNA damage via p53, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and p16. The role of DNA damage-associated biomarkers in response to irradiation in clinical practice for the selection of personalized treatments and specifying the prognosis and, finally, the bases of immunotherapy association are presented.

Signet ring cell gastric carcinoma with breast and leptomeningeal metastases: a case report.

Gastric cancer is the 5th most common malignancy worldwide. Signet ring cell histology represents an aggressive subtype of gastric cancer, presenting at a younger age. Both breast and leptomeningeal metastases are rare locations of tumor dissemination, requiring correct and immediate diagnosis and treatment. We present a case of a 45-year old female with signet ring cell gastric carcinoma who developed both left breast and leptomeningeal metastases, requiring multiple chemotherapy lines. As far as we know, this is the first published case in literature following multiple lines of treatment for both breast and leptomeningeal metastases from signet ring cell gastric carcinoma.

Dysregulation of miR-21-5p, miR-93-5p, miR-200c-3p and miR-205-5p in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Potential Biomarkers Panel?

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is considered the sixth most common cancer worldwide. To reduce the high mortality of the disease, sensitive and specific diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers are urgently needed. Non-coding RNA, microRNAs (miRNAs), which are short length non-coding transcripts, or long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) seem to be potential biomarkers, considering that they have an important role in regulation of cell fate being involved in a wide range of biological processes. Literature data emphasized the important role of these transcripts as a biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Therefore, we have evaluated the expression levels of a panel of four miRNAs (miR-21-5p, miR-93-5p, miR-200c-3p and miR-205-5p) and H19, MALAT1 by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) from 33 fresh frozen tissues and 33 normal adjacent tissues. Our date revealed miR-21-5p and miR-93-5p to be upregulated, while miR-200c-3p and miR-205-5p to be downregulated. Regarding the long non-coding RNAs, H19 and MALAT1, were also downregulated. We also investigated the expression of BCL2, which is another important gene correlated to non-coding RNAs investigated by as, and it was also under-expressed. Additional validation step at protein level was done for KI67, TP53 and BCL2. In our patient cohort no correlation with clinical stage and smoking status was observed. The results of the present study indicated the important role of miR-21-5p, miR-93-5p, miR-200c-3p, miR-205-5p and H19 in OSCC. Differential expression of these transcripts at sub-sites, may serve as a diagnostic marker with further elaboration on a larger sample size. Additional studies should be conducted to confirm the results, particularly the interconnection with coding and non-coding genes.

Hsa-miR-125b Therapeutic Role in Colon Cancer Is Dependent on the Mutation Status of the TP53 Gene.

Colon cancer is the third most common cancer type worldwide and is highly dependent on DNA mutations that progressively appear and accumulate in the normal colon epithelium. Mutations in the TP53 gene appear in approximately half of these patients and have significant implications in disease progression and response to therapy. miR-125b-5p is a controversial microRNA with a dual role in cancer that has been reported to target specifically TP53 in colon adenocarcinomas. Our study investigated the differential therapeutic effect of miR-125b-5p replacement in colon cancer based on the TP53 mutation status of colon cancer cell lines. In TP53 mutated models, miR-125b-5p overexpression slows cancer cells' malignant behavior by inhibiting the invasion/migration and colony formation capacity via direct downregulation of mutated TP53. In TP53 wild type cells, the exogenous modulation of miR-125b-5p did not significantly affect the molecular and phenotypic profile. In conclusion, our data show that miR-125b-5p has an anti-cancer effect only in TP53 mutated colon cancer cells, explaining partially the dual behavior of this microRNA in malignant pathologies.

Predictive Efficacy of MiR-125b-5p, MiR-17-5p, and MiR-185-5p in Liver Metastasis and Chemotherapy Response Among Advanced Stage Colorectal Cancer Patients.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small non-coding RNAs represent potential biomarkers for colorectal cancer (CRC). The study hypothesized that miRNAs associated with liver metastases may also contribute to assessing treatment response when associated to plasma exosomes. In this study, we used two sets of biological samples, a collection of tumor tissues harvested from patients with CRC with and without liver metastases, and a collection of plasma from CRC patients with and without response to FOLFOX4/FOLFIRI regimens. We investigated 10 target miRNAs in the tissue of 28 CRC patients and identified miR-125b-5p, miR-17-5p, and miR-185-5p to be associated with liver metastasis. Further, we investigated the three miRNAs at the exosomal level in a plasma collection to test their association with chemotherapy response. Our data suggest that the elevated plasma levels of miR-17-5p and miR-185-5p could be predictive of treatment response. Overexpression of miR-17-5p and underexpression of miR-125b-5p and miR-185-5p in CRC tissue seem to be associated with metastatic potential. On the other hand, an increased expression of miR-125b-5p in plasma exosomes was potentially correlated with a more aggressive CRC phenotype.

Differentiation of Endometriomas from Ovarian Hemorrhagic Cysts at Magnetic Resonance: The Role of Texture Analysis.

Background and Objectives: To assess ovarian cysts with texture analysis (TA) in magnetic resonance (MRI) images for establishing a differentiation criterion for endometriomas and functional hemorrhagic cysts (HCs) that could potentially outperform their classic MRI diagnostic features. Materials and Methods: Forty-three patients with known ovarian cysts who underwent MRI were retrospectively included (endometriomas, n = 29; HCs, n = 14). TA was performed using dedicated software based on T2-weighted images, by incorporating the whole lesions in a three-dimensional region of interest. The most discriminative texture features were highlighted by three selection methods (Fisher, probability of classification error and average correlation coefficients, and mutual information). The absolute values of these parameters were compared through univariate, multivariate, and receiver operating characteristic analyses. The ability of the two classic diagnostic signs ("T2 shading" and "T2 dark spots") to diagnose endometriomas was assessed by quantifying their sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp), following their conventional assessment on T1-and T2-weighted images by two radiologists. Results: The diagnostic power of the one texture parameter that was an independent predictor of endometriomas (entropy, 75% Se and 100% Sp) and of the predictive model composed of all parameters that showed statistically significant results at the univariate analysis (100% Se, 100% Sp) outperformed the ones shown by the classic MRI endometrioma features ("T2 shading", 75.86% Se and 35.71% Sp; "T2 dark spots", 55.17% Se and 64.29% Sp). Conclusion: Whole-lesion MRI TA has the potential to offer a superior discrimination criterion between endometriomas and HCs compared to the classic evaluation of the two lesions' MRI signal behaviors.

Analysis of Clinical-Pathological Data with Impact on Overall Survival in Male Breast Carcinoma: An International Multi-Institutional Study of 217 Cases.

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical-pathological parameters with impact on overall survival (OS) in male breast carcinoma (MBC). Methodology: We assessed OS at 5 years and at 10 years respectively, as well as OS according to age, tumor size, microscopic type, histological grade, axillary lymph node status, and molecular profile. Results:Two hundred seventeen cases, with a mean age of 62 (range: 18- 85), right breast involvement (52.53%), invasive carcinoma of no special type (86.63%), G2 histological grade (55.4%), T2 (54.41%), N+ (65.89%) and Luminal A molecular subtype (85.29%) were identified. ER, PR and AR were positive in 89.71%, 83.82% and 93.29% of cases, respectively. HER2 was overexpressed in 8.33% of cases and a high Ki67 proliferation index was present in 75% of cases. The 5-year OS was 67.2%, whereas 10-year OS was 48.5%; OS was 92.7% at 5 years and 73.8% at 10 years in axillary lymph node (LN) negative cases, while OS was 59.7% at 5 years and 41.3% at 10 years in axillary LN positive cases (p=0.003). Conclusions: Age at diagnosis ( 60 years), larger tumor size, presence of LN metastases and absence of oncological treatment are negative factors influencing prognosis, with only axillary LN status (p=0.005) and triple negative molecular profile (p=0.05) being statistically significant unfavorable independent prognostic parameters in a multivariate analysis.

The value of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes as prognostic factor for lymph node status and survival amongst patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma.

PURPOSE: Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in cutaneous malignant melanoma are classified as brisk, non-brisk or absent. Numerous studies suggest the presence of TILs, especially brisk, are associated with a lower rate of lymph node metastasis and with an improved overall survival (OS). Our purpose was to assess the value of TILs as a prognostic factor for the lymph node metastasis and survival in completely resected pT3 stage malignant melanoma patients. METHODS: We included a number of 114 patients with pathological pT3 cutaneous malignant melanoma, treated exclusively in our institution, between 2000-2015. Correlations of clinical and pathological factors with lymph node status and OS were analyzed. RESULTS: A brisk infiltrate was present in 60% of the patients, whereas 40% presented a non-brisk infiltrate or absent TILs. In univariate analysis, the presence of ulceration was correlated with a non-brisk infiltrate, whereas in multivariate analysis, lymph node invasion and a non-brisk infiltrate were associated with a higher risk of death. CONCLUSIONS: TILs density grade represents an independent prognostic factor for the OS. Therefore, we conclude that an accurate prognosis may be provided by TILs status in patients with pT3 malignant melanoma.

Nanoscale delivery systems for microRNAs in cancer therapy.

Concomitant with advances in research regarding the role of miRNAs in sustaining carcinogenesis, major concerns about their delivery options for anticancer therapies have been raised. The answer to this problem may come from the world of nanoparticles such as liposomes, exosomes, polymers, dendrimers, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, quantum dots and metal-based nanoparticles which have been proved as versatile and valuable vehicles for many biomolecules including miRNAs. In another train of thoughts, the general scheme of miRNA modulation consists in inhibition of oncomiRNA expression and restoration of tumor suppressor ones. The codelivery of two miRNAs or miRNAs in combination with chemotherapeutics or small molecules was also proposed. The present review presents the latest advancements in miRNA delivery based on nanoparticle-related strategies.

Connecting the dots between different networks: miRNAs associated with bladder cancer risk and progression.

BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer (BC) is a common urothelial malignancy, characterized by a high recurrence rate. The biology of bladder cancer is complex and needs to be deciphered. The latest evidence reveals the critical role of the non-coding RNAs, particularly microRNAs (miRNAs), as vital regulatory elements in cancer. METHOD: We performed a miRNAs microarray using paired tissues (tumor and adjacent normal bladder tissue), followed by the validation with qRT-PCR of five selected transcripts. Additional next-generation sequencing investigation established the interconnection among the altered miRNAs and mutated genes. Based on the overlapping between TCGA data and data obtained in the study, we focused on the systematic identification of altered miRNAs and genes mutated involved in bladder cancer tumorigenesis and progression. RESULTS: By overlapping the miRNAs expression data, the two patient cohorts, we identified 18 miRNAs downregulated and, 187 miRNAs upregulated. qRT-PCR validation was completed using a selected panel of two downregulated (miR-139-5p and miR-143-5p) and three up-regulated miRNAs (miR-141b, miR-200 s or miR-205). Altered miRNAs patterns are interrelated to bladder tumorigenesis, allowing them to be used for the development of novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Three EMT-related upregulated miRNAs have an essential role in the molecular mechanisms, specifically key processes underlying tumorigenesis, invasion and metastasis. Using the Ampliseq Cancer Panel kit and Ion Torrent PGM Next-Generation Sequencing an increased mutation rate for TP53, FGFR3, KDR, PIK3CA and ATM were observed, but the mutational status for only TP53 was correlated to the survival rate. The miRNAs pattern, along with the gene mutation pattern attained, can assist for better patient diagnosis. CONCLUSION: This study thereby incorporates miRNAs as critical players in bladder cancer prognosis, where their altered gene expression profiles have a critical biological function in relationship with tumor molecular phenotype. The miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks identified in BC are ripe for exploitation as biomarkers or targeted therapeutic strategies.

Progress in Research on the Role of Flavonoids in Lung Cancer.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Therefore, for the prevention, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of lung cancer, efficient preventive strategies and new therapeutic strategies are needed to face these challenges. Natural bioactive compounds and particular flavonoids compounds have been proven to have an important role in lung cancer prevention and of particular interest is the dose used for these studies, to underline the molecular effects and mechanisms at a physiological concentration. The purpose of this review was to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding relevant molecular mechanisms involved in the pharmacological effects, with a special focus on the anti-cancer role, by regulating the coding and non-coding genes. Furthermore, this review focused on the most commonly altered and most clinically relevant oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes and microRNAs in lung cancer. Particular attention was given to the biological effect in tandem with conventional therapy, emphasizing the role in the regulation of drug resistance related mechanisms.

Liquid biopsy challenge and hope in colorectal cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Colorectal cancer is an important global health burden marked by a high mortality rate. Medical attention is drawn more often by the new targeted therapies, but also by the concept of liquid biopsy. Tumor's genetic profile is the major indicator of the response to targeted therapies and the risk for metastatic relapse. Therefore, analysis of tumor-linked genetic alterations holds a great importance, both for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. Areas covered: The present paper highlights the molecular basis of the liquid biopsy concept and its major clinical applications in colorectal cancer. This consists in circulating tumor cells (CTC) and cell-free tumor DNA (cfDNA) and is described in manuscripts as an alternative to tissue samples, providing more information about tumor heterogeneity and tumor evolution in dynamic. Expert opinion: Liquid biopsy is an innovative, minimally invasive method which enables real-time monitoring of tumor's genetic heterogeneity, being an important step towards personalized medicine. However, despite the large number of detection methods available, it is necessary to standardize them regarding the blood collection processing and sample storage, analysis in order to be implemented in clinical guidelines.

The decrease of some serum free amino acids can predict breast cancer diagnosis and progression.

This study was targeted on a metabolomic approach to compare the blood serum free amino acid profiles and concentration of confirmed breast cancer (stages I-III) patients to healthy controls in order to establish reliable biomarkers of early detection and prediction of breast cancer. The ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry using positive ionization electrospray was applied for the picoline-derivatized serum free amino acids using the EZ:faastTM kit. Multivariate statistical analysis principal component analysis, partial least squares discrimination analysis and univariate analysis were applied in order to discriminate between patient groups and putative amino acid biomarkers for breast cancer. A significant decrease of amino acid concentrations between the breast cancer group and the control group was positively correlated with breast cancer progression. Arginine, Alanine, Isoleucine, Tyrosine and Tryptophan were identified as being good potential discriminants (AUROC ≥0.85) and suitable candidates to diagnose and predict the breast cancer progression.

A malignant phyllodes tumor with liposarcomatous differentiation case with 3-year follow-up.

Phyllodes tumors (PTs) are a group of rarely breast tumors of fibro-epithelial origin, counting for about 1% of the breast malignancies divided, based on histological features, in benign, borderline and malignant neoplasms, arising most of them in women in their 40's. Among this complex group of tumors, the liposarcomatous differentiation is an even more rare lesion, counting for about 0.3% of all primary sarcomas of the breast. This article presents a case of a 48-year-old woman with a breast malignant PT with liposarcomatous differentiation, diagnosed by guided core biopsy, treated by excision and subsequent simple mastectomy followed by radiotherapy, with a 3-year follow-up.

Blue nevus-like melanoma of the uterine cervix. Case report and review of the literature.

We present the clinical and pathological aspects of a patient diagnosed with a very rare tumor, a blue nevus-like melanoma of the uterine cervix. The patient turned to our Service for a second opinion regarding a cervical polyp causing vaginal bleeding, polyp which has been excised in another Hospital and interpreted initially as a pleomorphic sarcoma. In the presentation, we emphasize upon the stages of solving a difficult diagnosis, pathological description and treatment of these rare, aggressive tumors with poor prognosis, which represent the fundamental precondition in order to formulate the best therapeutic strategy.

Automatic detection of circulating tumor cells in darkfield microscopic images of unstained blood using boosting techniques.

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are nowadays one of the most promising tumor biomarkers. It is well correlated with overall survival and progression-free survival in breast cancer, as well as in many other types of human cancer. In addition, enumeration and analysis of CTCs could be important for monitoring the response to different therapeutic agents, thus guiding the treatment of cancer patients and offering the promise of a more personalized approach. In this article, we present a new method that could be used for the automatic detection of CTC in blood, based on the microscopic appearance of unstained cells. The proposed method is based on the evaluation of image characteristics and boosting techniques. A dataset of 263 dark field microscopy images was constructed and used for our tests, containing blood spiked with three different types of tumor cells. An overall sensitivity of 92.87% and a specificity of 99.98% were obtained for the detection of CTC, performances which proved to be comparable to those obtained by human experts.

Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in Countries of Central and Southeastern Europe: Diagnostic Procedures and Treatment Reimbursement Surveyed by the Central European Cooperative Oncology Group.

This article analyzes the availability of different diagnostic procedures of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and the reimbursement landscape of drugs for NSCLC in countries of central and southeastern Europe (CEE). A survey was conducted by the Central European Cooperative Oncology Group. Results of the survey show that both availability and reimbursement of diagnoses of molecular alterations in NSCLC, the detection of which is essential for therapeutic decisions, varies widely between countries of CEE. Not only is "reflex" testing often substituted by analyses performed only "on demand," but reimbursement of such assessments varies widely between unavailability and payments by the health care system or even pharmaceutical companies. It was concluded that a structured access to testing and reimbursement should be the aim in order to provide patients with appropriate therapeutic options. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This article provides an overview of the limitations in lung cancer treatment in countries of central and southeastern Europe, as well as the reimbursement status of various lung cancer treatment regimens in these countries, which directly impacts treatment options.

Highlighting the R1 and R2 VEGF receptors in placentas resulting from normal development pregnancies and from pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia.

Preeclampsia (PE), a pathological entity characterized by hypertension and pregnancy-related proteinuria, is a medical condition of incompletely known etiopathogenesis. Placental defects and placental angiogenesis may be a cause of this condition. The main factor that controls angiogenesis in the early stages of placental development is vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and its two receptors, namely VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2. This study analyzed the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of the two VEGF receptors, R1 and R2, in pregnancies complicated by PE compared to pregnancies with a normal evolution. The pregnancies included into the study for the harvesting of placental tissue to be microscopically analyzed were divided into two groups: the group of physiological pregnancies (22 pregnancies) and the group of pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia (13 pregnancies). For the microscopic analysis, we used the Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE), Masson's trichrome and IHC stainings. The microscopic aspects of HE and Masson's trichrome stainings most commonly found in normal development pregnancies underlie the normal process of placental senescence. In the case of pregnancies complicated by PE, the microscopic analysis of the placentas revealed fibrinoid necrosis of the vascular wall, lipid-loaded endothelial cells, diffuse trophoblastic hypertrophy, microinfarctions, calcification areas, fibrin deposits, vascular-syncytial membrane surface reduction, basement membrane thickening. According to the established marker intensity score, the VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 receptors were more pronounced in the placentas resulting from pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia. The present study brings arguments that support the major regulatory role of VEGF-A and of the two receptors in the normal or pathological angiogenesis in the placenta, and implicitly in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Further studies are needed for a more comprehensive analysis of the stages in which these factors cause alteration of the placental angiogenesis and vasculogenesis processes, so that they can intervene effectively in the treatment or prevention of this disease.

Circulating tumor cells in clinical research and monitoring patients with colorectal cancer.

Colorectal cancer remains a frequent disease to which screening and target therapy exist, but despite this is still marked by a high mortality rate. Even though radical surgery may be performed in many cases, patients relapse with metastatic disease. Circulating tumor cells were incriminated for tumor recurrence, that's why vigorous research started on their field. Owning prognostic and predictive value, it was revealed their usefulness in disease monitoring. Moreover, they may serve as liquid biopsies for genetic tests in cases where tissue biopsy is contraindicated or cannot be performed. In spite of these advantages, they were not included in clinical guidelines, despite CellSearch and many other detection methods were developed to ease the identification of circulating tumor cells. This review highlights the implication of circulating tumor cells in metastasis cascade, intrinsic tumor cells mechanisms and correlations with clinical parameters along with their utility for medical practice and detection techniques.