ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage seems to be responsible for many of the toxicities associated with the long-term use of nucleoside analogues in HIV-infected patients. These adverse effects, mainly lipoatrophy, seem to be even more pronounced in subjects with hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection. However, there is no information about a possible additive effect of HCV on mtDNA depletion nor about the impact of ribavirin use in HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals. PATIENTS AND METHODS: mtDNA was measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) collected from 192 individuals classified into 4 groups: HIV-neg/HCV-neg (control group, n = 11), HIV-pos/HCV-neg (56), HIV-neg/HCV-pos (18) and HIV-pos/HCV-pos (107). A duplex real-time NASBA assay was used to quantify mtDNA on maximal platelet-depleted specimens and all experiments were run in duplicate. The mtDNA copy number per cell was estimated taking as reference the nuclear DNA copy number. RESULTS: The mean mtDNA values in the control group was 757 copies/cell, while it was 428, 349 and 296 for HIV-pos, HCV-pos and HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals, respectively (P < 0.001 for all groups relative to the control group). No significant differences were observed when comparing patients with HIV or HCV infections alone, but coinfected individuals showed a lower mtDNA copy number than patients infected with HIV (P < 0.001) or with HCV (P = 0.089). In a subset of 18 patients with HIV/HCV-coinfection, treatment with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin produced a further reduction in mtDNA (mean value, 189 copies/cell; P = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: HIV and HCV may independently cause mtDNA depletion in PBMC. Coinfection may result in more pronounced mtDNA depletion. The administration of interferon plus ribavirin may further enhance mtDNA depletion. These findings may explain the greater risk of lipoatrophy of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients with HCV coinfection and why anti-HCV therapy may aggravate this effect.
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents/adverse effects , DNA, Mitochondrial/metabolism , HIV Infections/physiopathology , Hepatitis C, Chronic/physiopathology , Interferons/adverse effects , Ribavirin/adverse effects , Adult , Female , HIV Infections/complications , Hepatitis C, Chronic/complications , Humans , Male , Polyethylene Glycols/adverse effectsABSTRACT
The breast cancer resistance protein [BCRP (BCRP/ABCG2)] has not previously been directly identified as a source of resistance to epipodophyllotoxins.However, when P-glycoprotein (P-gp)- and Mrp1-deficient mouse fibroblast and kidney cell lines were selected for resistance to etoposide, amplification and overexpression of Bcrp1 emerged as the dominant resistance mechanism in five of five cases. Resistance was accompanied by reduced intracellular etoposide accumulation. Bcrp1 sequence in all of the resistant lines was wild-type in the region spanning the R482 mutation hot spot known to alter the substrate specificity of mouse Bcrp1 (mouse cognate of BCRP) and human BCRP. Transduced wild-type Bcrp1 cDNA mediated resistance to etoposide and teniposide in fibroblast lines and trans-epithelial etoposide transport in polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney II cells. Bcrp1-mediated etoposide resistance was reversed by two structurally different BCRP/Bcrp1 inhibitors, GF120918 and Ko143. BCRP/Bcrp1 (inhibition) might thus impact on the antitumor activity and pharmacokinetics of epipodophyllotoxins. However, treatment of P-gp-deficient mice with GF120918 did not improve etoposide oral uptake, suggesting that Bcrp1 activity is not a major limiting factor in this process. In contrast, use of GF120918 to inhibit P-gp in wild-type mice increased the plasma levels of etoposide after oral administration 4-5-fold. It may thus be worthwhile to test inhibition of P-gp in humans to improve the oral availability of etoposide.
Subject(s)
ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism , ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacokinetics , Etoposide/pharmacology , Etoposide/pharmacokinetics , Neoplasm Proteins , ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/antagonists & inhibitors , ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2 , ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/antagonists & inhibitors , ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/biosynthesis , ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics , Animals , Biological Availability , Biological Transport/drug effects , Cell Line , Dogs , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm , Male , Mice , Mice, KnockoutABSTRACT
The breast cancer resistance protein (BCRPABCG2) is a member of the ATP-binding cassette family of drug transporters and confers resistance to various anticancer drugs. We show here that mice lacking Bcrp1Abcg2 become extremely sensitive to the dietary chlorophyll-breakdown product pheophorbide a, resulting in severe, sometimes lethal phototoxic lesions on light-exposed skin. Pheophorbide a occurs in various plant-derived foods and food supplements. Bcrp1 transports pheophorbide a and is highly efficient in limiting its uptake from ingested food. Bcrp1(-/-) mice also displayed a previously unknown type of protoporphyria. Erythrocyte levels of the heme precursor and phototoxin protoporphyrin IX, which is structurally related to pheophorbide a, were increased 10-fold. Transplantation with wild-type bone marrow cured the protoporphyria and reduced the phototoxin sensitivity of Bcrp1(-/-) mice. These results indicate that humans or animals with low or absent BCRP activity may be at increased risk for developing protoporphyria and diet-dependent phototoxicity and provide a striking illustration of the importance of drug transporters in protection from toxicity of normal food constituents.
