ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: There is a lack of clinically relevant measures for quantification of maladaptive mechanisms of the nociceptive system leading to chronic pain. Recently, we developed a method that tracks nociceptive detection thresholds (NDTs) using intraepidermal electrical stimulation. In this study, we explored the feasibility of using this NDT method in patients with persistent spinal pain syndrome type 2 (PSPS-T2) and its potential to enable observation of altered nociceptive processing induced by dorsal root ganglion (DRG) stimulation. In addition, we compared NDTs with quantitative sensory testing (QST) measurements and numeric rating scale (NRS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 12 patients with PSPS-T2 (seven men; 60.4 ± 12.3 years) experiencing chronic unilateral lower limb pain treated with DRG stimulation were included in the study. Both the NDT method and electrical and pressure QST methods were performed twice in the L5 dermatome on both the affected and the unaffected foot, once with the DRG stimulator turned off and, subsequently, once with the DRG stimulator turned on. RESULTS: The NDT method can be applied to patients with PSPS-T2. With the DRG stimulator turned off, NDTs on the affected side were significantly higher than on the unaffected side. This difference was no longer present once the DRG stimulator was turned on. Furthermore, DRG stimulation affected QST (electrical and pressure) values and NRS scores. Finally, NDTs showed larger contrasts between the sides than QST measures. CONCLUSIONS: The NDT method permitted observation of altered nociceptive function. The effect of DRG stimulation also was reflected in QST outcomes and NRS scores. The larger contrast between the sides for NDTs suggests that the NDT method might be valuable for future quantification of nociceptive dysfunction in chronic pain.
Subject(s)
Chronic Pain , Ganglia, Spinal , Chronic Pain/therapy , Electric Stimulation , Ganglia, Spinal/physiology , Humans , Male , Nociception/physiology , Pain Management/methodsABSTRACT
The electrical contact between a substrate embedded microelectrode and a cultured neuron depends on the geometry of the neuron-electrode interface. Interpretation and improvement of these contacts requires proper modeling of all coupling mechanisms. In literature, it is common practice to model the neuron-electrode contact using lumped circuits in which large simplifications are made in the representation of the interface geometry. In this paper, the finite-element method is used to model the neuron-electrode interface, which permits numerical solutions for a variety of interface geometries. The simulation results offer detailed spatial and temporal information about the combined electrical behavior of extracellular volume, electrode-electrolyte interface and neuronal membrane.
Subject(s)
Microelectrodes , Models, Neurological , Neurons/physiology , Cell Membrane/physiology , Cell Size/physiology , Cells, Cultured , Computer Simulation , Electric Conductivity , Finite Element Analysis , Membrane Potentials/physiology , Neurons/cytology , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
Amplitudes and shapes of extracellular recordings from single neurons cultured on a substrate embedded microelectrode depend not only on the volume conducting properties of the neuron-electrode interface, but might also depend on the distribution of voltage-sensitive channels over the neuronal membrane. In this paper, finite-element modeling is used to quantify the effect of these channel distributions on the neuron-electrode contact. Slight accumulation or depletion of voltage-sensitive channels in the sealing membrane of the neuron results in various shapes and amplitudes of simulated extracellular recordings. However, estimation of channel-specific accumulation factors from extracellular recordings can be obstructed by co-occuring ion currents and defect sealing. Experimental data from cultured neuron-electrode interfaces suggest depletion of sodium channels and accumulation of potassium channels.
Subject(s)
Action Potentials/physiology , Extracellular Space/physiology , Ion Channel Gating/physiology , Microelectrodes , Models, Neurological , Neurons/physiology , Sodium Channels/physiology , Animals , Cell Adhesion , Cell Membrane/physiology , Cells, Cultured , Coated Materials, Biocompatible , Computer Simulation , Electromagnetic Fields , Electrophysiology/instrumentation , Electrophysiology/methods , Finite Element Analysis , Ganglia, Spinal/physiology , Ion Channels/physiology , Rats , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
Extracellular stimulation of single cultured neurons which are completely sealing a microelectrode is usually performed using anodic or biphasic currents of at least 200 nA. However, recently obtained experimental data demonstrate the possibility to stimulate a neuron using cathodic current pulses with less amplitude. Also, a stimulation window is observed. These findings can be explained by a finite-element model which permits geometry-based electrical representation of the neuron-electrode interface and can be used to explore the required conditions for extracellular stimulation in detail. Modulation of the voltage sensitive channels in the sealing part of the membrane appears to be the key to successful cathodic stimulation. Furthermore, the upper limit of the stimulation window can be explained as a normal consequence of the neuronal membrane electrophysiology.
